第二讲 时态语态
☆ 动词的时态
一. 一般时态
1. 一般现在时
用动词原形表示，但单数第三人称后要加-s，在词尾加-s时要注意：
·一般情况：加-s 例：reads，writes，says
·以s，x，ch，sh收尾的词加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses
·以辅音字母 y结尾的词变y为i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。
这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词do，does构成。句中动词要用原型动词be提前：
Do you know it？
Are you students？
Does she have a pen？
(1) 一般现在时主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况、特点和经常性或习惯性的动作,常和副词 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，seldom, near，occasionally，every year, every week ,all the time， from time to time等连用。例如：
Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
They usually cycle to work.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
(2) 在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment， the minute, the day 以及 if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
注意：在the more?the more ?(越厖越厖) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
(3) 某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作(这时都有一个表示未来时间的状语)：但这只限少数动词，如：begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。
The plane leaves at three sharp.
The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
When do the train leave(stop at Jinan)？
Tomorrow is Saturday。
Is there a film on tonight？
(4) 在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
(5) 表示客观规律和永恒真理等：
Light travels faster than sound.
Two and four makes six.
The moon moves round the earth.
注意：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
(6) 有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think(以为)，feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look(看起来)，see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show(说明)，prove，mind(在意)，have(有)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)，matter，require，possess，desire等等。
I feel a sharp pain in my chest.
The soup contains too much salt.
You see what I mean？
The coat fits you very well.
How do you find the book？
一般现在时考点分析：
① 表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制)
Water boils at 100℃.
② 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③ 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④ 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤ 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
时态比较：
◆ 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai(从上海来)
2) You read very well. (强调能力)
You‘ve read very well. (强调一次刚完成的动作)
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了)
I have forgotten.(仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了)
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态)
The book has been written in simple English.(表动态，已用英语写成)
5) Every time I see him, he‘s been reading. (两个动作不可能同时进行)
Every time I have seen him, he‘s been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行)
6) He is gone. (强调状态)
He has gone (强调动作和时间)
7) He won‘t come till the play begins. (演出开始时)
He won‘t come till the play has begun.(戏已开始)
8) After I leave school, I‘ll go to college. (两个动作紧密相接)
After I have left school, I‘ll go to college.(强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔)
9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It‘s been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)
10) Where are you? (在哪)
Where have you been?(去了哪)
◆ 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.(强调始终如一)
He is working hard.(强调现在)
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的)
What are you doing?(在干什么)
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰)
The bus is coming.(汽车到来的情景)
4) I forget his name.
I‘m forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了)
5) You don‘t eat much. (强调胃口不大)
You‘re not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀)
6) The match starts at 7 o‘clock. (比较固定，不宜改变)
The match is starting at 7 o‘clock.(可以改变)
7) Tom always comes late.
Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备)
8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动)
9) I tell you.(我可以告诉你)
I‘m telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩)
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了)
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令)
I‘m expecting you to phone me.(婉转)
12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满)
13) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果)
I‘m finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到)
14) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
15) He always thinks of others.
He‘s always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
16) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
17) I hope you‘ll give us some advice.
I‘m hoping you‘ll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
18) I must go. (我应该去)
I must be going.(我该走了)
19) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
2．一般过去时
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，动词be有was, were两个过去式，was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。在构成否定及疑问句时，一般都借助助动词did, 动词be有其独特的疑问及否定形式(基本上和一般现在时一致)。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下：
一般动词： 动词be：
I worked there. I was there.
I did not work there. I was not there.
Did you work there? Was I there?
(1) 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间的词、短语或从句连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, one day,just now,once upon a time, at one time,in the past
例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2) 表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
He always went to class last.
I used to do my homework in the library.
注意与be used to doing短语的区别
(3) used to do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to doing，表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
(4) 有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态：
I was glad to get your letter.
What was the final score?
How did you like their performance?
在谈到已死去人的情况多用过去时：
Laoshe was a great writer.
My grandmother was kind to us.
注意：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
在since 引导的状语从句多用一般过去时.主句中一般用完成时
He has changed much since I saw him last.
一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)
① 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
② 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③ 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④ 常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
3．一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。这个时态的肯定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下：
I shall go.
I shall not go.
Shall I go?
除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势，在口语中常紧缩为I’ll.
1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作,将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态常和soon, next week, before long, from now on, in the future, tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：
I will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
Will you be busy tonight?
The agreement will come into force next spring.
We won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
I shall graduate next year.
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
注意：有时表示将来的时间状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况：
I will think it over.
Who will take the chair?
Will she come?
They won’t object it.
2)表示将要发生的动作或情况，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态：
(1) be going to v(表打算、准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事)：
例如：We ‘re going to put up a building here.
How are you going to spend your holiday?
Who is going to speak first?
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
(2) be to v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义或用来征求对方的意见。
例如： When is the factory to go into production?
The line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
Am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work?
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
(3) be about to v表示即将发生的事情(不加时间状语)。
例如：He was about to start.
We are about to leave.
He is about to retire.
(4) 一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中(主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)：
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
I’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
They’ll fight till they win complete victory.
I’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注意：“祈使句 and/or 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
(5) 某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。(限于某些动词，表示按计划或时刻要发生的事)：
School finishes on January 18th.
We get off at the next stop.
When does the winter vacation begin?
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
(6) 现在进行时(限于某些动词，表示按计划安排要发生的事)：
We are having an English evening tonight.
They are playing some folk music next.
I am taking the children to the zoo (on Sunday ).
注：一般将来时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作：
Crops will die without water.
Oil will float on water.
这一时态有时用来表示揣测(a)或容量(b):
a. That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
b. The hall will seat 500people.
一般将来时考点分析：
① 表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等)。
② 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③ 表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④ be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
过去将来时考点分析：
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
二. 进行时态
1．现在进行时
现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成，它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下：
I am working.
I am not working.
Am I working？
(1)现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。常与now，right now，at the moment， for the present等连用。
例如：Where are they having the basket-ball match？
He’s showing a foreign guest round the city。
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
注意：在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态：
How are you getting on with the work？
The work is going fairly smoothly。
You are making rapid progress。
It is blowing hard。
Who are you waiting for？
(2)现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情(a)如赞叹、厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性(b)。常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
a．How are you feeling today？(比how do you feel today？更显亲切)
Xiao hua is doing fine work at school。(比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富赞美)
He is always thinking of his work。表赞许
He is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是乱扔东西。(表不满)
He is always boasting。他老爱说大话。(表厌烦)
b．He is sleeping in the next room now。他现在现在是在隔壁房间睡了(不在原来房间睡了)。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。
Where is he working？他现在在那里工作？(可能刚换工作)
For this week we are starting work at 7：30。
He is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情(这时多有一个表示未来时间的状语)：
但这仅限于少量动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。
例如：They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
Are you going anywhere tomorrow？
A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.
We are having a holiday next Monday.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子：
Do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人吗？
Are you seeing someone off？你在给谁送行吗？
I hear someone singing。我听见有人唱歌。
They are hearing an english talk？他们在听一个英语报告。
What do you think of it？你觉得这怎么样？
What are you thinking about？你在想什么？便也可用进行时态。例如：
Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)
Tom is looking for his books.(look 在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)
另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等：
He is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。
The train is arriving。火车就要进站了。
The old man is dying。老头病危了。
(5) 在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
(6) 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
现在进行时考点分析：
① 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
② 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need
(B)表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on
(C)表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete
(D)表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look
2．过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“ was(were)十现在分词”构成．例如:
In 1980 he was studying in a university.
He was reading a novel when I came in．
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与at six yesterday, that time, always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
过去进行时考点分析：
① 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
② 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
3．将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
4．完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三. 完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1．现在完成时
现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下：
I have read it.
I have not read it.
Have you read it?
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：
I have just finished my homework.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have seen the film many times.
The city has taken on a new look.
注：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) 名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历：
A man’s hairs have grown white in a single night.
(2) 常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来厖”时间状语中，谓语动词也用现在完成时in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等,例如：
I haven’t been there for five years.
So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3) 完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second? time 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) n 定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) 形容词最高级 n 定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
(4) 我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时：
① 当有一个表示过去某时的状语(包括when)时，不能用现在完成时：
I saw her a minute ago.
Just now xiao lin came to see you.
When did you get to know it?
② 当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时：
Up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.
We haven’t had any physical training classes this week.
He has learned a good deal since he came here.
③ 在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时：
This is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.
Have you got the plan ready yet? –no, not yet.
I’ve just received a money order.
④ 在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时：
Did you get up very early?
Has he got up?
What did you have for lunch?
Have you had lunch?
I got the news from Xiaoyu.
I’ve got no news from him.
注：
有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态：
We met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).
It has rained a great deal since you left.
We haven’t seen each other again since then(since we parted in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。
某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态：
How have you been (recently)?
The conference has lasted five days.
We’ve known each other since we were children.
特别是动词be，是常常这样用的：
He’s been back for three days. (不能用has come back)
She has been a teacher for ten years. (不能说has become)
He has been in college for a year. (不能说has entered)
由于come, become, enter和get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态。
注意：for 时间段；since 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
另外有少数动词(主要是work, study, teach, live等)可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作：
How long have you worked here？
She has taught English for many years.
We’ve lived here for quite a few years.
但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。
注：have been (to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事”
Have you ever been to xi’an?
Xiao liu has just been here.
We’ve been here(there)many times.
现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：
I’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.
We’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then
I will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.
现在完成时考点分析：
① 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
② 下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) 一段时间 since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second?time that 完成时
This(That / It)is the only ? that 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting ? that 从句 完成时
③ 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
2．过去完成时
过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，由had 过去分词构成，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
(1) 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2) 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
(3) 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
① hardly, scarcely, barely 过去完成时 when 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
② no sooner 过去完成时 than 过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
③ No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主谓倒装)
by (the end of ) 过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
(4) 表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
A.在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
B.表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned ? to have done。
C.“时间名词 before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
D.表示“一厖就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had 主语 过去分词 when / than / before 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
3．将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等，时间状语非常明显。
例如： By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
注意：常用的时间状语一般用by 将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time? before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
4． 完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。
例：I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。
例：It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四. 时态一致
1. 在宾语从句中，当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2. 当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3. 当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4. 从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。
例如：We insisted that we do it ourselves.
☆ 动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
一. 被动语态的形式
被动语态的构成方式：be 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
常用的被动语态有以下几种时态形式：
二. 被动语态的考点
一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考。
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of，happen, rise, occur, break out, arrive, exist, fail, succeed...
It took place before liberation.
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, suit也没有被动语态。
考点二：少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思，而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )...
The song sounds very beautiful.
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
动词need v.ing 动词包含被动的意味
My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：
It is said? It is reported? It is widely believed， It is expected? It is estimated?
这些句子一般翻译为“据说厖”，“人们认为厖”，而 “以前人们认为厖” 则应该说：It was believed? It was thought
三. 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。
例如： So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
All the rubbish should be got rid of.
注意：“get -ed分词”的被动语态
“get -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
四. 被动语态考查要点简述
1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题：
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补(位置不变)；(作补语的)不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
2. 不能用被动语态的几种情况：
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
3. 主动形式表被动意义：
① 当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
② 当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③ want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④ be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤ 在“be 形容词 to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
4. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况：
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着：The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
5. 被动语态与系表结构的区别：
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
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