被动语态一
一、用法
1.说话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
例： My bike was stolen last night.
- 突出动作的执行者。
例： I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
- 为了更好地安排句子。
例：The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.
二．构成
“be ＋及物动词的过去分词”（be 有人称、数和时态的变化）
1.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are done (过去分词)
例：They speak English. → English is spoken (by people)
2.一般过去时的被动语态： was/were done
例: He watered the flowers just now . → The flowers were watered just now .
3.一般将来时的被动语态： shall/will be done
例：We will clean the classroom. → The classroom will be cleaned (by us ) .
4.现在进行时的被动语态：am/is /are being done
例： Tom is picking apples . → Apples are being picking by Tom
5.过去进行时的被动语态 was/were being done
6.现在完成时的被动语态： has /have been done
例; The workers have built a house. → A house has been built by the workers .
7.过去完成时的被动语态：had been done
8.过去将来时的被动语态：should/would be done
例：You would look after him well . → He would be looked after well .
9.情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋过去分词
例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
三．步骤
主动语态变被动语态
1、找：找主语、找宾语（找原主动句中的主语和宾语）
2、换：换位置，主语变宾语，宾语变主语
3、改：动词改成be done的被动形式（其人称和数随主语变化，动词时态则保持不变)
4、加：加by( 宾格)，加附属（定语、状语），by 宾格可省略。
注意、
1.动词短语变为被动语态时不能漏掉其中的介词或副词
You must listen to the teacher carefully in class .
→ The teacher must be listened to carefully in class.
- 主动语态中有些动词如：make 、have、let、see、watch、hear等变为被动语态时要加to
We often hear the boy sing in the next room .
→ The boy is often heard to sing in the next room.
- 当“动词 宾语 宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
→The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
- 主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。
( 动词 make / buy / get 用 for；动词 give / send / lend / take 用 to)
Vivian gave me a book.
→I was given a book by Vivian.
→A book was given to me by Vivian.
四．谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
不能用于被动语态的动词或动词短语，只能主动表被动：
- have/own, happen, last, appear , hold (容纳)，marry, cost , belong to, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等 以主动形式表示被动意义。
例： How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
- 系动词没有被动语态： Look, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste ….
例：
The dish tastes good .
Your reason sounds reasonable
- 当 clean、drive、open、sell 、read、write、wash若有状语well、easily、badly等修饰，且用来描述主语特征时，则主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
例：
This kind of cloth washes well.
This kind of skirt sells well.
- need表示需要时，后面常接doing 形式表示被动意义，相当于to be done .
例：
All the computers need repairing = All the computers need to be repaired .
- 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例：
The picture-book is well worth reading=The picture-book is very worthy to be read．
- 在某些“形容词 不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
例：
This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
- 在某些“名词 不定式”做定语的结构中，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例：
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
五. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v. ing 形式、不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)
例：
I don't like being laughed at in the public.
The child is sure to be punished for that.
被动语态 二
一、句型 “It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”
动词表示“说”或“相信”：believe、 consider、 expect、report、say、suppose、think等可以用于此句型
It is said/ reported/suggested that… 据说/报道/建议
It is believed/hoped/thought that… 大家相信/希望/认为
It is well known that… 众所周知
例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
二、介词in, on, under等 名词 构成介词短语表被动意义
1.“under 名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”
常见的有：under control（受控制）
under treatment（在治疗中）
under repair（在修理中）
under discussion（在讨论中）
under construction（在施工中）
例：The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2．“beyond 名词”结构，“出乎/胜过……范围/限度”
常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)
beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及）
beyond one’s control（无法控制）
例：The rumor is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3．“in 名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”
常见的有： in print（在印刷中）， in sight(在视野范围内)等
例：The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
4．“on 名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”
常见的有： on sale(出售)， on show（展出）, on trial（受审）
例：Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
5．“out of 名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“
常见的有： out of control (失控) out of sight （超出视线之外）
out of one’s reach(够不着) out of fashion(不流行)
例: The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)．
6．“within 名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”
例：He took two days off within the teacher's permission
三．牢记句型
1. be covered with 被……覆盖
2. be made of 由……制作（发生物理变化）
be made from 由……制作（发生化学变化）
be made in 由（某地）制造
be made by 被（某人）制造
- be used for 被用来…
be used as 被当作（作为）……来使用
be used to do 被用来做
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