Hi, I'm Kasia. Welcome to Oxford Online English!，接下来我们就来聊聊关于现在完成时与过去完成时如何区别?以下内容大家不妨参考一二希望能帮到您!
现在完成时与过去完成时如何区别
Hi, I'm Kasia. Welcome to Oxford Online English!
大家好，我是卡莎。欢迎来到牛津大学在线英语课程！
In this lesson, you can learn about the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous verb forms.
在本节课中，你可以了解一般现在完成时动词形式和现在完成进行时动词形式。
What's the difference between 'I have done' and 'I have been doing?' When should you use the present perfect continuous?
“我做过”和“我一直在做”有什么区别？什么时候应该使用现在完成进行时？
You'll see the answers to these questions in this lesson.
你将在本课中看到这些问题的答案。
Before we start, do you find it difficult to listen to English for long periods?
在我们开始之前，你是否觉得长时间听英语很困难？
No problem — use the English subtitles to help yourself understand!
没问题——使用英文字幕来帮助自己理解！
Turn them on now; just click the 'CC' button in the bottom right of your video player, or, if you're watching on a smartphone, tap the settings button.
可以打开它们； 只需点击视频播放器右下角的“CC”按钮，或者如果你在智能手机上观看的话，请点击设置按钮。
But now, let's start with a basic point: what is the present perfect continuous verb tense?
但是现在，让我们从一个基本的点开始：什么是现在完成进行时动词？
Hey! Sorry I'm late… Where have you been?
嘿！ 对不起，我来晚了……你去哪儿了？
I've been trying to call you all morning!
我整个早上都在试图给你打电话！
Have you been waiting long?
你是不是等了很久？
Not so long.
没有很久。
I just didn't know where you were.
我只是不知道你在哪里。
I've been preparing for this lesson for the last few hours.
过去几个小时我一直在准备这节课。
I just lost track of time!
我都不知道是什么时间了！
So, let's start!
所以让我们开始吧！
Look at three sentences you heard in the dialogue.
看看你在对话中听到的三个句子。
Do you know how to complete them?
你知道如何完成它们吗？
Look at the full sentences.
看一下完整的句子。
These all use the same verb form — the present perfect continuous.
这些都使用相同的动词形式——现在完成进行时。
Some questions.
有一些问题。
One: how do you make positive and negative sentences, and questions?
一：如何造一个肯定句和否定句？
Two: what does this verb form mean?
二：这种动词形式是什么意思？
We'll spend the rest of this lesson answering question two, but let's look at the first question now.
我们将在本节课剩下的时间里回答第二个问题，但现在让我们看看第一个问题。
Form the present perfect continuous with three things.
用三个元素构成现在完成进行时。
Firstly, 'have' or 'has'.
首先是 have 或 has。
Then, add 'been'.
然后加上 then。
Then, add an -ing verb.
然后加上-ing 动词。
Let's try it now.
让我们现在试试看。
Look at three sentences.
看看三句话。
Can you make them present perfect continuous?
你能让它们变成现在完成进行时吗？
Pause the video and say the sentences out loud, using the present perfect continuous verb form.
暂停视频并大声说出句子，使用现在完成进行时形式。
Could you do it?
你能做到吗？
Let's check the answers.
让我们来看看答案。
Did you get them right?
你做对了吗？
Next, to make a negative, just add 'not' after 'have' or 'has'.
接下来，否定的话，只需在 'have' 或 'has' 后添加 'not'。
For example: I have been working all morning; I have not been working all morning.
例如：我整个上午都在工作； 我整个上午都没有工作。
She has been waiting there for hours; she has not been waiting there for hours.
她已经在那里等了好几个小时了； 她已经好几个小时没有在那里等了。
Actually, we're emphasising the word 'not' so you can hear it, but in natural speech, you should use contractions, like 'haven't' or 'hasn't'.
实际上，我们强调“not”这个词是为了让你能听到它，但在自然语言中，你应该使用缩写，比如“haven't”或“hasn't”。
'I haven't been working all morning.' 'She hasn't been waiting there for hours.' What about the last sentence?
“我整个上午都没有工作。”“她已经好几个小时没有在那里等了。”最后一句呢？
Can you make it negative?
你能把它变成否定句吗？
Make the negative form and say it out loud.
造个否定形式并大声说出来。
Use a contraction.
使用缩写。
The answer is 'it hasn't been raining.' Did you get it?
答案是“没有下雨。”你明白了吗？
Finally, make questions in the present perfect continuous by moving 'have' or 'has' before the subject.
最后，通过把“have”或“has”移动到主语前，就可以变成现在完成进行时的问句。
For example: 'Has she been waiting there for hours?' 'Has it been raining?' These rules will help you to form the present perfect continuous verb tense.
例如：“她在那里等了几个小时了吗？”“一直在下雨吗？”这些规则将帮助你形成现在完成进行时动词时态。
But, how do you use it?
但是，如何使用它呢？
What does it mean?
这是什么意思？
Let's start to answer that question.
让我们开始回答这个问题吧。
How long have you been doing this?
你做这件事多久了？
This? You mean, making this video?
这件事？ 你是说，制作这个视频？
I mean teaching.
我的意思是教学。
How long have you been teaching?
你教了多久了？
Ooh… For over ten years now.
哦……十多年了。
Should we take a break?
我们应该休息一下吗？
We've been working for hours.
我们已经工作了几个小时。
Sure. Want to get a doughnut or something from the bakery?
当然了。 想从面包店买一个甜甜圈或其他东西吗？
Hmmm… Better not.
嗯……还是不要了。
I've been trying to cut down on how much sugar I eat.
我一直在努力减少吃糖。
Well, how about a coffee, instead?
那么来杯咖啡怎么样？
Good idea!
好主意！
Look at four examples of the present perfect continuous which you heard.
看看你听到的四个现在完成进行时的例子。
Can you see what connects them?
你能看出它们之间有什么联系吗？
In all four sentences, you're talking about something which started in the past, and continues in the present.
在这四个句子中，你都在谈论从过去开始并持续到现在的事情。
This can be a continuous action; something which started before now, and continued without a break until now.
这可以是一个连续的动作； 以前开始的事情，一直持续到现在。
For example, if you say 'We've been working for hours', you mean that we started working several hours ago, and we've continued working from then until now.
例如，如果你说“我们已经工作了几个小时”，你的意思是我们几个小时前开始工作，并且从那时起一直工作到现在。
You can also use the present perfect continuous for repeated or regular actions.
你也可以使用现在完成进行时描述重复或有规律的动作。
For example, if I say 'I've been teaching for over ten years now', I mean that this is something I've been doing regularly, starting over ten years ago and continuing now.
例如，如果我说“我已经教了十多年了”，我的意思是这是我经常做的事情，从十多年前开始，现在一直在延续。
So, to use the present perfect continuous in this way, three things need to be true.
因此，要以这种方式使用现在完成进行时，需要满足三件事。
One: the action must have started in the past.
一：动作一定是在过去开始的。
Two: the action must be something continuous, or repeated regularly.
二：动作必须是连续的，或者有规律的重复。
Three: you must still be doing this thing now, in the present.
三：你现在一定还在做这件事。
Let's practise!
让我们练习吧！
Look at three questions.
看看三个问题。
Pause the video and try to answer the questions, using the present perfect continuous.
暂停视频，并尝试使用现在完成进行时回答问题。
Say your answers out loud.
大声说出你的答案。
If it's difficult, repeat your answers until you can produce them fluently.
如果很困难的话，请重复你的答案，直到你能流利地说出它们。
Try it now!
现在就试试！
Could you do it?
你能做到吗？
Was it easy or difficult?
是容易还是困难？
Of course, there are many possibilities, but let's look at three sample answers.
当然，可能性有很多，但让我们看三个示例答案。
For question one, you could say 'I've been cleaning my room and doing a little bit of English study.' For question two, you could say 'I've been watching a show called Dark on Netflix.' For question three, you could say 'So far this week, I've mostly been hanging out at home and reading.
第一个问题，你可以说“我一直在打扫房间，学习一点英语”。问题二，你可以说“我一直在 Netflix 上观看一档名为 Dark 的节目”。第三个问题呢，你可以说‘本周到目前为止，我大部分时间都在家里闲逛和阅读。
I have a good book I want to finish!' This is the most basic way to use the present perfect continuous.
我有一本好书想读完！这是使用现在完成进行时最基本的方法。
But, there's another important use of this verb tense — let's look now.
但是，这个动词时态还有另一个重要用途——让我们现在看看。
What happened to your hands? They're filthy!
你的手怎么了？ 太脏了吧！
I've been working on my bike.
我一直在研究我的自行车。
Well, go and wash them!
嗯，去洗一洗吧！
I don't want you getting everything dirty.
我不想让你把东西都给弄脏了。
Why are you in such a bad mood?
你为什么心情这么差？
I've been working on my website… Not going well?
我一直在弄我的网站……不太顺利吗？
No!
是的！
Look at the first two lines from the dialogue.
查看对话中的前两行。
A question: is she working on her bike now?
问题：她现在在骑自行车吗？
The answer is 'no'.
答案是没有。
So, why use the present perfect continuous here?
那么，为什么在这里使用现在完成进行时呢？
The action has finished; it's in the past.
动作已经完成； 发生在过去。
Shouldn't we use a past verb tense?
我们不应该使用动词过去时吗？
We use the present perfect continuous here for a continuous action which finished recently and which has visible results now.
我们在这里使用现在完成进行时来表示最近完成，并且具有可见结果的现在的连续动作。
Or, more simply: use the present perfect continuous to explain why things look they way they look now.
或者，更简单地说：使用现在完成进行时来解释为什么事情看起来像现在这样。
For example: 'Why are you so sweaty?
例如：“你为什么出了这么多汗？
I've been jogging.' 'Why is the kitchen in such a mess?
我一直在慢跑。”“厨房怎么这么乱？
I've been cooking all afternoon.' 'You look tired.
我整个下午都在做饭。”“你看起来很累。
Yeah, I've been working too much this week.' OK, now you know the two basic ways to use the present perfect continuous.
是的，我这周工作太多了。”好的，现在你知道了使用现在完成进行时的两种基本方法。
Next, another important question: how do you know when to use the present perfect continuous, and when to use the simple form?
接下来，另一个重要的问题是：你怎么知道什么时候用现在完成进行时，什么时候用一般形式呢？
Did you hear? Jen's getting married!
你听到了吗？ 珍要结婚了！
Really? That's good news, I guess.
真的吗？ 我想这是个好消息。
'I guess'?
'我猜'？
Well, how long have they been together?
嗯，他们在一起多久了？
I last saw her three months ago, and she didn't say anything about being in a relationship.
我最后一次见到她是三个月前，她没有说任何关于恋爱的事情。
I think they've been going out for a couple of months.
我想他们已经约会了几个月了。
That's not long… Maybe not, but I think they've known each other for longer.
并没有很长……也许不长，但我认为他们认识的时间应该挺长的。
Anyway, she seems really happy.
不管怎样，她看起来真的很开心。
She's so excited about the wedding — she's been talking about it non-stop for weeks.
她对婚礼非常兴奋——几个星期以来她一直在不停地谈论它。
I bet.
肯定的。
Let's look at two sentences you heard.
让我们看看你听到的两句话。
These are describing similar situations.
这些描述了类似的情况。
So, why use different verb forms?
那么，为什么要使用不同的动词形式呢？
The verb in the first sentence — 'go out' — is an action.
第一句中的动词——“出去”——是一个动作。
But, in the second sentence, the verb — know — describes a State , not an action.
但是，在第二句话中，动词——知道——描述了一个状态，而不是一个动作。
What does this mean?
这是什么意思？
'Knowing' someone is a state.
“认识”某人是一种状态。
It's not something you do.
这不是你做的事情。
If you know someone, then you know them.
如果你认识一个人，那么你就了解他们。
You know them today, and you'll know them tomorrow, too.
你今天认识他们，明天你也认识他们。
State verbs include 'be', 'like', 'believe', 'understand' or 'seem'.
状态动词包括“be”、“like”、“believe”、“understand”或“seem”。
Many verbs which relate to feelings or mental states are state verbs.
许多与感觉或心理状态有关的动词都是状态动词。
State verbs aren't generally used in continuous forms.
状态动词通常不以进行形式使用。
If you're using a state verb, like 'be', you should use the present perfect simple tense, not the continuous.
如果你使用状态动词，例如 'be'，则应使用现在完成时态，而不是进行时。
Let's test this quickly.
让我们快速测试一下。
Look at two more sentences from the dialogue.
再看对话中的两句话。
Do these verbs refer to states, or actions?
这些动词是指状态还是动作？
Should they be present perfect simple, or continuous?
它们应该是现在完成时还是进行时？
Try to remember, or work out the answers!
试着回忆一下，或找出答案！
Pause the video if you need more time to think.
如果需要更多时间思考，请暂停视频。
Let's check.
让我们检查一下。
'Be' is a state verb, so it should be present perfect simple.
“Be”是一个状态动词，所以它应该是一般现在完成时。
'Talk' is an action — it's something you do.
“谈话”是一种行为——它是你做的事情。
So, it should be present perfect continuous here.
所以，这里应该是完成进行时。
There's one exception to this rule: 'want' is a state verb, but you can use it in the present perfect continuous.
这个规则有一个例外：'want' 是一个状态动词，但你可以在现在完成进行时使用它。
For example: 'I've been wanting to see this film for ages!' 'Actually, I've been wanting to talk to you about this for some time.' You could also use the simple form here — I've wanted — it doesn't matter which you use.
例如：“我想看这部电影很久了！”“其实我一直想和你谈谈这件事。”你也可以在这里使用一般的形式——我想要——你使用哪个没有太大的区别。
In this section, you've learned a basic way to tell the difference between the simple and continuous present perfect forms.
在本节中，你学习了区分简单现在完成形式和现在完成进行形式之间区别的基本方法。
In our final section, you'll see one more important difference between these two verb tenses.
在我们的最后一节中，你将看到这两种动词时态之间的一个更重要的区别。
Haven't you started cooking yet?
你还没开始做饭吗？
Everyone will be here in less than an hour!
不到一个小时，所有人都会到的！
I have started… I mean, I've chopped all the vegetables.
我已经开始了……我的意思是，我已经切碎了所有的蔬菜。
But, the stew will take at least two hours to cook.
但是，炖菜至少需要两个小时才能煮熟。
There's no way it'll be ready in time!
来不及准备好了！
Well, you could have helped me… I've been doing everything myself, and it's a lot of work.
好吧，你本来可以帮助我的……所有的事情都是我做的，而且工作量很大。
Yeah, you know what else is a lot of work?
是的，你知道还有什么事情很多吗？
Cleaning the whole house!
打扫整个屋子！
I've been vacuuming, mopping, dusting… I've cleaned both bathrooms.
我一直在吸尘、拖地、除尘……两个浴室我都打扫过了。
I haven't just been sitting around all day.
我不只是整天坐在那里。
OK, well, have you finished?
好吧，你说完了吗？
Can you give me a hand now?
你现在可以搭把手吗？
Sure, I'm free now.
当然，我现在有空。
What needs doing?
需要做什么？
Actually, you know what?
其实你知道吗？
We've run out of milk.
我们已经没有牛奶了。
Could you pop out and get some?
你能去买一些吗？
Yeah, OK.
可以的。
Look at a sentence you heard.
看看你听到的一句话。
Let's add another one.
让我们再加一个。
These are both possible, but they have slightly different meanings.
这些都是可以的，但它们的含义略有不同。
Can you explain the difference?
你能解释一下区别吗？
The first sentence, with the present perfect simple, focuses on the result of the action.
第一句，用现在完成时，侧重于动作的结果。
Using the simple form shows that you have finished this and there is a result — in this case, the vegetables are chopped and ready to go in the stew.
使用一般的形式表明你已经完成了这个动作，产生一个结果——在这种情况下，蔬菜被切碎，并准备好放入炖菜中。
The second sentence, with the present perfect continuous, focuses on the*process*.
第二句话，用的是现在完成进行时，侧重于过程。
If you say 'I've been chopping the vegetables', there's no clear result.
如果你说“我一直在切菜”，则没有明确的结果。
Using the continuous form simply shows that you've spent time on this thing, and you're probably not finished.
使用进行形式表明已经在这件事上花费了时间，而且你可能还没有完成。
Let's practise this point.
让我们练习一下这一点。
Look at four sentences.
看看四句话。
Here's a task for you: in these sentences, can you use the present perfect simple, or the continuous, or both?
这是给你的一个任务：在这些句子中，你能用现在完成的一般或进行时，还是两者都可以呢？
If both are possible, is the meaning the same, or different?
如果两者都可以的话，意思是相同的还是不同的呢？
Pause the video and think about your ideas.
暂停视频，思考一下你的想法。
Take your time!
慢慢来！
Start again when you're ready.
准备好后重新开始。
OK? Let's look together.
好了吗？ 一起来看看吧。
In number one, only the simple form is possible.
第一句只有一般的形式是可以的。
This is because there's a number — you've called five times — which shows a clear result.
这是因为有一个号码——你已经拨打了五次——它显示了一个明确的结果。
In sentence two, both are possible, but the continuous is more likely.
在第二句中，两者都是可能的，但更可能是进行时。
There's no difference in meaning.
意思上没有区别。
This is because you still haven't arrived, so there's no result.
因为你还没到，所以没有结果。
Probably, you want to focus on the process, meaning how much time you've spent driving.
可能你想侧重于这个过程，也就是你花了多少时间开车。
In sentence three, both are possible, with little difference in meaning.
在第三句中，两个都是可以的，意思几乎没有区别。
This is because you can focus on the result — you've finished watching many documentaries — or you can focus on the process — you've spent time watching nature documentaries.
这是因为你可以专注于结果——你已经看完了很多纪录片——或者你可以专注于过程——你已经花时间观看了自然纪录片。
Confusing? Don't worry about it.
有点晕？别担心。
Here, the basic meaning is the same whichever form you use.
在这里，无论你使用哪种形式，基本含义都相同。
In sentence four, both are possible, but here the meaning would be different.
在第四句中，两者都是可能的，但这里的含义会有所不同。
If you say 'I've made a soup for lunch', then you've finished cooking, and the soup is ready to eat.
如果你说“我已经做了午餐的汤”，那么你已经做完了，汤可以吃了。
If you use the continuous form, then you probably haven't finished.
如果你使用进行形式，那么你可能还没有完成。
I've spent some time cooking, but there's probably no result — meaning no soup.
我花了一些时间做饭，但可能没有结果——意思就是没有汤。
Maybe you're thinking: why 'probably?' It's a good question!
也许你在想：为什么是“可能”呢？这是个好问题！
It's because the sentence just doesn't contain that information.
这是因为句子不包含这个信息。
If you say 'I've been making a soup for lunch,' there's no information about whether you've finished or not.
如果您说“我一直在做午餐的汤”，那就没有关于你是否完成的信息。
But, if you had finished, you'd almost certainly use the present perfect simple — 'I've made a soup.' So, using the continuous strongly suggests that you haven't finished.
但是，如果你已经完成了，你几乎肯定会使用现在完成时——“我做了一个汤”。所以，使用进行时表明你还没有完成。
That's all.
就这么多啦。
Thanks for watching!
感谢观看！
See you next time!
下次见
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