一、定义
要弄明白什么是状语从句, 首先要先清楚什么是状语、谓语、定语成分, 其次要清楚副词作用, 这也会有所辅助。判断从句可以先看引导词, 引导词后紧接着的就是从句。状语从句就是指句子在整个句子结构中充当状语, 可以修饰谓语、其他状语、定语或整个句子, 而副词的作用主要也是用于修饰动词、其他副词、形容词或整个句子, 这两者虽不同层次但还是可以对应结合起来加以理解。
二、分类(常见9类)
(一)条件状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作条件状语, 可放于句首、句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: if, so/as long as, unless, in case, on condition that, supposing/suppose that, providing/provided that, given that...
3.常见时态特点(常考): 主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现(下文会以if条件状从为例)。
(二)时间状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作时间状语, 可放于句首、句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: when/while/as, till/until/not...until, before/after, since, as soon as, once, by the time,the minute/ the moment/the instant, every/each time, whenever, immediately/directly/instantly, hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than..., at the sight of, on sth./doing sth...
3.时态方面也常有主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现特点, 但不局限于此, 需要结合实际语境分析。
(三)地点状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作地点状语, 可放于句首、句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: where, wherever...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(四)原因状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作原因状语, 可放于句首、句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: because, since, as, now that/seeing that/in that/considering that/be adj. that...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(五)结果状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作结果状语, 一般放于句末。
2.常见引导词: so...that.../such...that..., so (that)...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(六)目的状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作目的状语, 一般放于句末。
2.常见引导词: so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(七)让步状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作让步状语, 可放于句首、句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: though, although, even if/though, as, while, however/no matter how, whatever/no matter what, whoever/no matter who, whichever/no matter which...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(八)比较状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作比较状语, 一般放于句末。
2.常见引导词: as...as, not as/so...as..., the 比较级...the 比较级, than...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
(九)方式状语从句
1.从句在主从复合句中作方式状语, 一般放于句中、句末。
2.常见引导词: as, as if, as though, the way...
3.时态根据具体语境具体分析。
二、状语从句举例分析
(一)条件状语从句(主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现)
1.if如果
(1)if主将从现(主句用一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时)
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a picnic outside.
(2)if主情从现(主句用情态动词 动词原形, 从句用一般现在时)
If Tom studies harder, he can pass the exam.
(3)if主祈从现(主句用祈使句, 从句用一般现在时)
If you are free tomorrow, let's go swimming.
2.unless除非(可以理解为"如果不...if...not...")
You will catch a cold unless you wear more clothes. = You will catch a cold if you don't wear more clothes.
3.in case如果
In case it rains, we will not have a picnic outside.
4.on condition that, as long as只要
You will make progress on condition that/as long as you keep working hard.
(二)时间状语从句
1.when当...时候(when时间状从的谓语可以是延续性动词或表状态类的词, 也可以是非延续性动词)
(1)When the teacher came in(非延续性), the students were reading books.
(2)When Tom was sleeping(延续性), Linda gave him a call.
2.while当...时, 同时...("同时"通常主从句主语不一样, while时间状从的谓语只用延续性动词或表状态类的词→区别于when)
(1)While Tom was singing(延续性), Linda was sleeping.
(2)Everything went well while Tom was in Guangzhou(表状态).
3.as一边......一边......; 随着(强调主句发生的背景,as "一边......一边......"通常主从句的主语为同一个→区别于while)
(1)As time goes by, Tom feels better and better.
(2)As Tom had a walk, he sang songs.
4.till/until直到, not...until直到......才......(till不可放句首不可放否定句, until可放句首可放否定句)
(1)Linda waited till/until Tom arrived.
(2)We will not have supper until our father gets home.
5.since自从(主句用现在完成时, 从句用一般过去时)
Tom has been in Guangzhou for 10 years since he came here in 2010.
6.before在......之前, after在......之后(注意主从句先后发生顺序)
(1)Tom needs to do some housework before his mother comes back.(主句谓语先发生, 从句谓语后发生)
(2)Tom watched TV after his mother went to work.(主句谓语后发生, 从句谓语先发生)
7.其他常考举例
(1)Tom was singing songs every time Linda saw him. 每次Linda看见Tom, 他都在唱歌。
(2)Tom had been to Beijing three times by the time it was in 2018. 到2018年为止, Tom已经去过北京3次了。
(3)Tom knew it was Linda the minute he heard the voice. Tom一听嗓音就知道是Linda。
(4)As soon as the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. 老师一进来, 学生们就停止了讲话。
(5)Directly Tom hears the song, he can know the title of it. Tom一听到歌, 他就知道歌名。
(6)At the sight of the tree, Tom reminded himself of his grandmother. 一看到这棵树, Tom就想起了他的奶奶。
(7)On arriving in Guangzhou, Linda felt so hot. 一到广州, Linda就觉得很热。
(三)地点状语从句
1.where地方
Tom often puts the book where it is.
2.wherever任何地方
Tom wants to go wherever he likes.
3.注意: 地点状语从句 PS 定语从句
(1)Tom likes to live where it is cool.(地点状语从句)
(2)Tom likes to live in a place where it is cool.(定语从句)
(四)原因状语从句
1.because因为(语气较强, 强调未知原因或感兴趣原因, 突出原因状从, 弱化主句; 不与so连用)
Tom didn't go to work because he was sick.
2.since既然(语气偏弱, 原因已知或不用强调, 突出主句, 弱化原因从句)
Since Tom knows he is wrong, you can stop scolding him.
3.as由于(语气更弱, 原因明显或不用强调, 突出主句, 弱化原因从句)
As the Mid-Autumn Festival is coming, everyone starts to buy moon cakes.
4.其他常考举例
(1)Now (that) you heard from me, you should know what I meant. 既然你收到了我的信, 你应该知道我什么意思。
(2)We ate many moon cakes in that they were delicious. 我们吃了很多月饼, 因为它们很好吃。
(3)Seeing (that) it rained, we didn't play football outside. 由于下雨了, 我们没去外面踢足球。
(五)结果状语从句
1.so...that...如此......以致于......(so→中心词为形容词或副词)
(1)The movie was so interesting that Tom kept laughing.(so 形容词 that)
(2)Tom run so fast that he finally caught the early bus.(so 副词 that)
(3)Tom is so humorous a boy that everyone likes him.(so 形容词 a/an 可数名词单数 that)
(4)Tom drank so much wine that he felt uncomfortable.(so many/few/much/little 可数名词复数/不可数名词 that)
2.such...that...如此......以致于......(such→中心词为名词)
(1)It was such an interesting movie that Tom kept laughing.(such a/an 形容词 可数名词单数 that)
(2)They are such cute dogs that everyone likes them very much.(such 形容词 可数名词复数 that)
(3)It was such nice wine that Tom drank a lot.(such 形容词 不可数名词 that)
3.so (that)所以(that可省略: so that→so)
Tom got up early so (that) he caught the early bus in the end.
4.结果状从注意点
(1)so...that...和such...that...经常会出现考题, 考查用so还是such, 一定要根据中心词结合位置判断。
(2)口诀: 名用such, 形副so; 多多少少还是so。(第一个省略号内容, 若中心词为名词, 用such; 若中心词为形容词或副词, 用so。若含有多多少少(many/much/little/few)直接用so。第一句为一般情况, 第二句为特殊情况, 任何时候要注意特殊优先。)
①Tom is _____ a clever boy that he can solve many problems.(clever用于修饰boy, 判断中心词为boy→boy为名词→用such)
②Tom is _____ clever a boy that he can solve many problems. (be adj.系表结构, 判断中心词为clever→clever为形容词→用so)
③Tom ate _____ little food that he felt very hungry.(little翻译为"少"→用so)
④They are _____ little dogs that they can't look after themselves.(容易掉坑: little翻译为"小的", 中心词为dogs→dogs为名词→用such)
(六)目的状语从句
1.so that以便......(that可以省略, 但考试中为了让学生更好区别结果状从和目的状从, so that引导目的状从时不省略that, 并且此时目的状从常含有can/could/may/might等情态动词)
The teacher often speaks slowly so that the students can understand better.
2.in order that为了......
Tom sat in the front of the meeting room in order that he can see PPT clearly.
3.in case以防
Tom put away his books in case they didn't get wet in the rain.
4.for fear that担心/害怕......
Tom hurried to get home for fear that it should rain.
(七)让步状语从句
1.although虽然(较正式, 一般位于句首, 可与though替换)
Although Tom read the book, he couldn't understand what the book said.
2.though虽然(可作副词, 位置灵活, 可放于句首、句中、句末)
(1)Though Tom recited the passage, he couldn't write down in the exam.
(2)Our class lost. It was a nice football match though.
3.even though尽管(不能将even though替换为even although, 比though加强语气, 后紧跟的让步状从表达内容通常是真实的)
Tom can't get a better job even though he has great marks.
4.even if即使(语气比though/although要强, 后紧跟的让步状从表达内容通常为假设的, 有时会用上虚拟语气)
Linda will always support Tom even if he fails again.
5.其他常考举例
(1)Whatever/No matter what Linda says, Tom always agrees with her. 不管Linda说什么, Tom都觉得对。
(2)Wherever/No matter where Linda lives, Tom will follow her. 不管Linda住哪里, Tom都跟定了她。
(3)However late/No matter how late it is every night, Linda will wait for Tom to go home. 每天晚上无论多晚, Linda都会等Tom回家。
(4)Linda always eats like a bird lest she is afraid to get fat. Linda怕变胖, 总是吃得很少。
6.让步状从注意点
(1)although/though中文意思翻译为"虽然......但是......", 但英文表达中although/though不能与but连用, 可与yet连用。
(2)but翻译为"但是", 不引导让步状从, 它与and, so, or是常见并列句里的连词。
(八)比较状语从句
1.常考比较状从举例
(1)Tom is as tall as Linda is. Tom和Linda一样高。(as 形副原级 as)
(2)Tom is not so/as tall as Mike is. Tom没有Mike高。
(3)Tom feels better than before. Tom感觉比之前好多了。
(4)The harder you study, the luckier you will be. 越努力越幸运。
(九)方式状语从句
1.常考方式状从举例
(1)Tom wants to do as Linda is doing. Tom想要按Linda演示的那样去做。
(2)Linda closed her eyes as if/though she didn't want to see Tom. Linda闭上了双眼, 似乎不想看见Tom。(3)Tom finished doing the housework the way Linda did. Tom像Linda一样完成了家务活。
三、状语从句易混淆点
(一)同一引导词引导不同类型的状语从句: as,while, since, in case, so that, 疑问词(when/where) ever等
1.as→时间状从、原因状从、让步状从、方式状从
2.while→时间状从、让步状从
3.since→时间状从、原因状从
4.in case→条件状从、目的状从
5.so that→结果状从、目的状从
6.疑问词(when/where) ever→时间状从/地点状从、让步状从
(二)状语从句与动词不定式的转换
1.in order that 目的状从→in order to do sth.(表目的)
2.so that 目的状从→so as (for sb.) to do sth.(表目的)
(三)状语从句涉及的倒装(置于句首引发倒装语序)
1.Not until she had told the truth did everyone know what happened. 直到她说出真相, 大家才知道发生了什么。
2.No sooner had Tom arrived than the early bus left. Tom还没到, 车就开走了。
3.Hardly had Linda said goodbye to him when Tom left. Linda还没来得及和Tom告别, 他就离开了。
4.So nervous was Tom that he didn't pass the exam. Tom太紧张了, 以致于没通过考试。
5.Naughty as/though Linda is, Tom is fond of her. 虽然Linda很皮, 但Tom还是很喜欢她。
(四)状语从句的省略(状从经常省略"主语 be动词或there be"以显得语言更加简洁生动化)
1.If (it is) necessary, welcome to share with me what happened to you. 如果有必要, 欢迎与我分享你的经历。→省略it is
2.When (he was) at school, he often got the first place in his class. 当他在学校时, 他经常是班上第一名。→省略he was
3.When/while (we were) walking, we met Linda. 当我们在走路时, 我们遇见了Linda。→省略he was(注意as引导时间状从时, 不能省略)
4.There are as many apples in my bag as (there are) in your bag. 我包里的苹果和你包里的苹果一样多。→省略there are
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