审视一种文化或一段历史的最好方法是保持一种在场又不在场的“疏离”状态,对熟悉的事物进行陌生化,或者身处其中却保持充分的自我意识,保有纵横向比较和批判的能力。
今天要跟大家说的是刘宇昆(Ken Liu)的新作《蒲公英王朝》(The Grace of Kings)。
美国华裔作家刘宇昆在中国最响亮的称号是科幻小说《三体》和《北京折叠》的英文译者。因为他的翻译,这两部作品获得了全球科幻小说的最高奖雨果奖。
美国前总统奥巴马和脸书的创始人马克·扎克伯格都是《三体》的粉丝。
《三体》英文版
据说,去年年底奥巴马到访上海的时候还特地见了刘慈欣,并期盼大刘可以尽快完成新长篇,他能第一时间读到。如果没有刘宇昆,可能他只能自己学中文了。
不过毕业于哈佛大学英语系、辅修计算机、做过软件工程师、哈佛法学博士、正式职业是律师的刘宇昆(一口气读不完),不仅翻译能力杰出,也因科幻短篇《手中纸,心中爱》(The Paper Menagerie)、《物哀》(Mono No Aware)获过雨果奖(2012,2013)和星云奖(2011)等多个奖项。
刘宇昆
《蒲公英王朝》是他的第一部长篇,一出版便广受好评,并在2015年提名星云奖,于2016年获轨迹奖(相当于奥斯卡奖之前的金球奖)。
刘慈欣在评价此书时说:
中国文化和东方文化中许多美好的东西在刘宇昆的作品中得到了珍视,这些文化元素融入了科幻想象之中,在十分精致的构思和故事中得到表现,产生了一种难以言表的美感。
刘慈欣和刘宇昆
有些读者还将其跟《权力的游戏》比较,并认为更好,比如亚马逊用户Kaitlin Harrison:
The Grace of Kingshas been compared toGame of Thrones, but in my opinion it's a lot better. Although it's definitely an epic fantasy that takes things a little bit more realistically, and has a lot of politics, it avoids some of the pitfalls thatA Song of Ice and Firefalls into. For one thing, there isn't nearly as much graphic content - it implies some of it, but it doesn't make you sit through descriptions of incest (which isn't actually in it as far as I can remember) or rape. It mentions sexual assaults, or brutal murders, but it doesn't sensationalize them. It doesn't gloss over the bad stuff but it also doesn't make that the entire focus of the novel.
人们把《蒲公英王朝》和《权利的游戏》相比,但是我觉得《蒲》好得多。尽管这部奇幻史诗更现实主义一点,包含很多政治内容,但是它躲过了让《冰与火之歌》栽跟头的陷阱。一方面,几乎没有特别多的令人不适的描写——有暗示,但是没有让你读很多乱伦(我记得里面没有这样的描写)或者强奸的描写。它也提到了性侵,或者残忍的屠杀,但是没有刻意进行描写。它没有掩饰恶,但也没有让其成为全书的中心。
More about The Grace of Kingsas its own novel, and less as a comparison, I really enjoyed all of the characters. It developed them really well, so that when you looked at both sides of the conflict (or sometimes the many sides of the conflict) there were characters whose motives and personalities were clear and distinct. A lot of them die, but they also don't feel like they die pointlessly - they die for the things that they care about, in situations that arose because they were pursuing their goals.
对于《蒲公英王朝》本身来说,我真的很喜欢所有的角色。小说展开得真的很好,所以当你看冲突双方的时候(或者有时是多方冲突),角色的动机和人物性格塑造得都非常清晰鲜明。很多角色死了,但并不是无缘无故地死,而是为了自己的理想和追求。
英文版
Also, the world-building was really fun! There are gods that (kind of) interfere, and seven kingdoms/provinces (depending on what's happening) with their own customs, written languages, and foods, even! It's definitely not your stereotypical weirdly twisted medieval England/France setting, either. It's pretty obviously inspired by ancient China.
并且,虚拟世界架构得很有趣。天神干预凡间,七个王国或者省(取决于合还是分)有自己的风俗、文字,甚至还有食物!背景设置肯定也不是你成天想的奇怪扭曲的中世纪的英国或者法国。很明显灵感来源是古代中国。
《蒲公英王朝》讲的是一个完全架空的世界达拉诸岛的故事。达拉诸岛分为七个诸侯国,平行存在多年。然而偏远的乍国因自然条件恶劣等因素发展滞后常年累月被其他六国鄙夷嘲讽。
乍国在雷扬王的统治下进行了变革,国力渐盛,利用能工巧匠制造了飞船和舰艇,从此拥有一支无可比拟的军队统领海陆空。乍国单方撕毁盟约,灭六国统一天下,雷扬王称帝号玛碧德雷皇帝(Emperor Mapidéré)。
书中的达拉诸岛
皇帝重新布局了天下,统一度量衡、文字,迫使原不同地区的人进行迁移,征用大量苦力修建宫殿、陵墓和海底隧道,民众苦不堪言。故事从皇帝的一次全国巡回遭风筝人刺杀开始。
刘宇昆在致敬中写道:
For my grandmother, who introduced me to the great heroes of the Han Dynasty. I’ll always remember the afternoons we spent together listening to pingshu storytellers on the radio.
献给奶奶,是她让我认识了那些大汉英雄。我永生难忘我们一起听评书广播的午后时光。
刘宇昆
知晓中国历史的人一读便知这个故事的框架几乎完全根据2000多年前秦统一天下后灭亡、楚汉相争的历史段落而创造,中间穿插的都是一个个耳熟能详的历史典故:
秦始皇统一度量衡打通六国边界繁荣了各地区之间的贸易和文化的交流、陈胜吴广起义、张良刺杀秦始皇失败后路遇白发老人、草木皆兵、暗度陈仓、破釜沉舟、项庄舞剑意在沛公、鸿门宴、兔死狗烹、霸王别姬等。也有更晚一些的如西晋惠帝的“何不食肉糜”等典故。
所以,中国读者是最不怕剧透的,阅读此书就像重温了一遍历史。读到楚霸王项羽的对应角色柯楚霸主马塔·金笃率家乡子弟被围,对手刘邦的对应角色库尼·加鲁派人唱马塔和部下的家乡歌谣动摇其军心,因多次被背叛、疑心病重而倍感孤独的马塔与世界上唯一理解她的弥拉告别,最后走投无路自杀一段,仍让人泪流满面。
Mira set down her needle, thread, and cloth, and plucked the strings of a coconut lute. The hegemon clapped his hands to the beat and sang.
弥拉放下针线活,奏起椰胡琴来。霸主和拍击掌,放声唱起:
My strength is great enough to pluck up mountains.
My spirit is wide enough to cover the sea.
Yet the gods do not favor me,
My steed has nowhere to gallop.
What can I do, my Mira?
What can I do?
力可拔山,胸怀覆海。
诸神青睐,不与我在。
骏马奇才,寸步难迈。
弥拉挚爱,我便何奈?
除了中国历史,刘宇昆也借用了古希腊神话的叙事方式,在小说中增加了六位相互竞争的天神角色。
这六位天神时不时装扮成乞丐到凡间对重要人物进行蛊惑,是书中人物命运和历史的缔造者,同时也可以看作是今天熟知中国历史的读者,借用天神的视角,从更高的层面和更宏大的历史角度去看人物命运和历史车轮方向的偶然性和必然性。
刘宇昆
如何去评判一个如秦始皇或者刘邦一样的历史人物?刘宇昆借助书中人物的对话进行了评论:
“Lord Garu, in a thousand years, how do you think people will remember Emperor Mapidéré?”
“加鲁大人,在你看来,千年之后人们将如何评价玛碧德雷皇帝(灭六国统一天下)?”
“I’ve changed my mind many times on this question,” Kuni admitted. “It’s easy to say that he was he was a tyrant who did nothing good. But it would also be untrue. "
“对于这个问题,我的想法改变过多次。”库尼承认道,“说他是一无是处的暴君倒是很容易。但这也并非事实。”
"We talk often of the hundreds of thousands who died in Mapidéré’s wars, but we rarely speak of the many lives that might have been lost had he not stopped the incessant petty wars between the Tiro states. We talk often of the many who were forced to labor in his Mausoleum, but we rarely speak of the many who would have died from diseases or starvation without the reservoirs and roads he built. "
“我们常提在玛碧德雷的战争中死了数以十万计的百姓,却不说他若没有制止诸国间的连年冲突,又会失去多少性命。大家总说许多人都在他的皇陵中被迫做苦役,却不提倘若没有他下令修建的诸多水库水库和道路,又会有多少人死于疾病与饥荒。”
Only the gods know if the emphases and omissions in our histories will sway the opinions of men down the ages. A man’s legacy is a hard thing to foresee, especially when passions still run hot, and it is so much easier to speak ill than well.
只有诸神知道我们史书中的取舍是否会影响世代后人的想法。若在逝者身后论其功过,实在难下定论,特别是此时百姓情绪尚未平息,批评又比赞扬容易许多。
……
“I cannot say that I’m a good man, only that I’m a man who tried to do good. I like to believe that the people will remember me fondly, but I also know that the legacies of men cannot be foreseen during their lifetimes. I do not know if I’m the man who will complete the task you dream of, for that is a question that must be asked of our descendants in a thousand years.”
“我不敢说自己是个好人,但我尽力行善。我希望众人喜爱我,但我也清楚,人生在世时,功过难以定夺。我不知道自己能否实现你所期望的大业,因为这个答案只有千年后的子孙后代才能给出。”
作为一本奇幻/科幻小说,刘宇昆在书中也嵌入了奇幻和科幻的元素。
在那个时空里,人神共存。最终统一六国的乍国人用氢气球原理发明了飞船,用沥青火球对地面目标进行攻击。后来马塔成为霸主,将曾经的好兄弟库尼发配到了贫瘠的达苏岛后,对其进行严加防范,在海陆空分别部署了军队。
不过库尼和他机智过人的手下通过仿生大海里象征神的独角鲸建造了可上下浮动的潜艇,成功将士兵从海底运出,演绎暗度陈仓。其中还包含了修建海底隧道、建造和使用蒸汽发动机等情节。
书中的达拉诸岛
小说的节奏与中国“演义”小说相似,人物出场像中国传统戏剧,背景寥寥几笔,故事演完即下场,所以人物众多但死的也快,一不留神一个看似主角脸的角色就被削了脑袋,但多数人物还是有悬念伏笔的。这一点,刘宇昆肯定是受到了小时候和奶奶一起听的评书的影响。
故事纵然精彩,人物形象刻画的也非常好,飞船、独角鲸潜艇、热气球、海底隧道也颇有想象力。可毕竟真实的历史永远比故事精彩。更不用说中国的文史大家们(如司马迁的《史记》)早以简洁生动的文笔记录了那一批历史人物和故事。从这个角度看,这本小说的原创性就没有那么高了。
也或许正是刘宇昆的双重文化身份和奇幻小说这样的体裁,让中西方文化经典发生碰撞,让历史和虚构结合,给熟知历史故事的读者一个新的角度去审视中国的历史和文化,也或许可以生出一个新的讲述中国历史故事的方法,就像《妖猫传》对大唐盛世所做的新的注解那样。
对于不了解中国历史的外国人来说,这本书很精彩。亚马逊上留评论的国外读者中,很多人都觉得小说有史诗般的恢弘。不过也有一知半解的读者竟然说,这是根据早期日本历史写的。
总的来说,《蒲公英王朝》基于楚汉之争的历史片段、吸收了中国“演义”小说的精髓、借用古希腊神话的叙事手法、加入科幻和奇幻的元素,是一本复杂而精巧的史诗,阅读体验还是很愉快的,不妨一读。
编辑:李雪晴
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