高考语法之状语从句（中高考英语语法状语从句精讲与精练）

一、状语从句练习题：

在空格处填入适当的连词

My classmate Michael studied very hard [1]______ he went to senior school.Every day he worked [2]________ every one else left the classroom.He said he wouldn't stop trying [3]______ he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard [4]_______ he tried，he made little progress，but he didn't lose heart at all [5]______ he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day.[6]______time went by，he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Guangzhou at last.We had a get­together party [7]_______we started our new life in university. [8]_______ everyone had got offers from universities，we had a very good time.When we stood [9]_______ we used to play and study，we couldn't help thinking of our happy old days.We believed we would never forget each other，[10]______ we would go or whatever we would do.Before we departed，[11]_______ we seemed a little sadder [12]________ before，we still fought back the tears.

答案　1.after　2.until　3.unless　4.as　5.because 6．As　7.before　8.Since　9.where　10.wherever 11．Although/Though　12.than

二、状语从句考点精讲：

状语从句从句考点1、状语从句的连接词

种 类	从属连词	含义	例 句
时 间 状 从 句	1.when	当…时候	When I came into the room, he was writing a letter. 当我进屋时，他正在写信。
	2.be about to do …when 3.be on the point of doing …when	正要做…这时突然	I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. 我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 I was about to leave when It began to rain I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang 注意：2、3、4、5中的be动词只能用was或were When的后面必须用过去式
	4.be doing…when…	正在做…这时突然
	5.hadjust done …when	刚做完…这时突然
	6.whenever	在…任何时间 每当…时候 无论什么时候	We shall go there whenever we are free. 我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。
	7.while	当…时候,在…期间 尽管，虽然	Mommy, you don't need to stay while we talk. 妈妈,我们谈话时你不必陪着. While I like the book very much,I won’t buy it. 尽管我非常喜欢这本书，但是我不会买它。 注意：while引导的动作必须是持续性的
	8.as	一边…一边	He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。
	9.before	在…之前	Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，再做先生。
		还未…就… 不到…就… ….才… 还没来得及…就	We had walked for 100 miles before we found a village.我们走了100英里才发现一个村庄。 He had run away before I could stop him.我还来不及拦下他，他就跑了。
	10.It （will） be时间段before…	多久之后才/就…	It will be 60 days before we graduate from high school.
	11.It won’t be long before	不久以后就…	It won’t be long before we meet again不久以后我们又会见面。
	12.after	在…之后	He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。
	13.till	直到…为止	We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。
	14.until	直到…为止	Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。
	15.not…until…	直到…才…	She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock . 她到11点钟才停止工作。 = Not until eleven o’clock did she stop working 注意：not until放在句首，主句要用部分倒装句
	16.It is/was not until…that 主句	直到…才…	It was not until eleven o’clock that she stopped working 注意：此句式是not…until 的强调句型
	17.since	自从…以来	Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 注意：It is/has been 时间段 since 主语 did It was 时间段 since 主语 had done
	18.as soon as	一…就	As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you. 我一到上海就给你写信。
	19.hardly/scarcely.... when... no sooner….than... the moment immediately	一…就	I had hardly got home when it began to rain. 我刚一到家，就下雨了。 =Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 注意：hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时主句的谓语要用部分倒装。
	20.by the time	到…时候为止	He had left by the time we reached home. 当我们到家的时候他已经走了。 注意：含有by the time 的主句常用完成时态。
地点 状语 从句	21.where	在…的地方	Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
	22.wherever	无论…地方	Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。
原 因 状 从 句	23.because	因为	I came back late yesterday because I was on duty. 昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。
	24.since	既然	Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。
	25．as	由于，因为	As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary . 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。
	26.now that	既然	Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。
目的 状语 从句	27.so that	为了，以便于	We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，以便于你能自己作出判断。
	28.in order that	为了	They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish thework ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。
结 果 状 从 句	29.so that	结果	We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。 注意：so that前有逗号为结果状语从句
	30.so…that	如此…以致于	He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。
	31.such…that	如此…以致于	He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。 =It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
条 件 状 从 句	32.if	如果	We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我们明天就去那里。 So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。
	33.unless	如果不
	34.as/so long as	只要
	35.in case	万一,以防万一
	36.so/as far as	就…而言
方式 状语 从句	37.as	按 照	Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。 He acted as if (though) nothing had happened. 他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。
	38.as if…	好像，似乎
	39.as though	好像，似乎
让 步 状 从	40.although	尽管，虽然	Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 注意：在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。
	41.though	尽管，虽然
	42.even if, even though	即使	I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow. 即使明天下雨，我也要去。
	43.as	尽管，虽然	Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子,但他懂得很多。注意：as引出的状语从句，从句常用倒装语序。
	44.no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)	无论（谁、什么、 什么时候、哪里、哪一个、怎么样、）	Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。 No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day. 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
	45.whatever whoever Whenever Wherever whichever however	无论什么 无论谁 无论什么时候 无论哪里 无论哪一个 无论怎么样	Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart. 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。 Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。 注意：1、no matter…与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句可以互换 2、however后须接形容词或副词
比 较 状 从 句	as…as	与…一样…	Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。 He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does). 他不如杰克跑得那样快。 His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。 Henry is not such a good worker as Peter . 享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。
	not so/as…as	与…不一样
	the same…as	与…一模一样
	such…as	像…那样的…
	…than…	比…	He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。
	the more …the more…	越…., 越….	The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。
一词多义的引导词	Since	既然，因为	自从…以来
	once	一旦	一次， 一倍	曾经
	when	当…时候	正在这时	既然
	while	当…时候	尽管，虽然
	before	在…之前	还未…就… 不到…就…, ….才…，还没来得急…就
	So that	为了	结果;以致于
	immediately	一…就	立刻，马上
	the moment	一…就	一会儿，片刻
	as	因为，由于	一边…一边	尽管，虽然	作为

状语从句从句考点2、几对需区分的状语从句的连接词

1、引导时间状语从句的when,while和as。

1)When意为“当...的时候”；引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词。

EG1：Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already?(get为短暂性动词)你已经找到如此好的工作,为何还想再找新的?

注意常考的句型：

①be about to do…when=be on the point of doing…when… 正要做…这时突然

②be doing…when…正在做…这时突然

③had just done …when 刚做完…这时突然

2)while 意为“当....的时候”；引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。注意：

while还可以作并列连词表示“但是，然而”，表示两种情况对比；也可引导让步状语从句表“尽管，虽然”。

EG2：Strike while the iron is hot. (is为延续性动词,表示一种持续的状态)

趁热打铁.

EG3：He was playing the guitar while his sister was watching TV.

他在弹吉他而他妹妹在看电视。

EG4：While I like the mobilephone greatly, I won’t buy it.

尽管我非常喜欢这部移动电话，但是我不会买。

3)as 意为“一边.....一边......;当....的时候 ;随着”; 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性动词, 但侧重强调主、从句动作同点或同段进行。

EG5：The students took notes as they listened. (listen为延续性动词)

学生们边听课边做笔记.

EG6: As time wen on, I gradually fell in love English. 随着时间的推移，我逐渐地爱上了英语。

=With time going on, I gradually fell in love English.

注意：

as还可以引导原因状从句表“因为，由于”和让步状语从句表“尽管，虽然”，具体用法见后。

2、引导原因状语从句的because, as 和since。

1) because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。EG7: I didn’t go, because I was ill at that time. 我没有去，因为我那时病了。EG8: Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

既然天气如此糟糕，我们不得不推迟旅途。

2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果

不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。EG9: He is absent today, because\for he is ill.他今天缺席了，因为他病了。

EG10: He must be ill , for he is absent today. 他肯定生病了，因为他今天缺席了。

3、引导让步状语从句的although, though 和 as。

这三个词都表示“尽管，虽然”，用法的区别主要在于倒装问题上：

Although 不能倒装， though可以倒装也可以不倒装， as必须倒装。倒装一般分为三种情况：

1） 表语提前，构成倒装。

EG11: Though/Although she is very pretty,she is not clever.

虽然她很漂亮，但是她不聪明。

→Pretty though she is,she is not clever.

EG12: Though/Although he was disabled ,he tried his best to serve the people.

虽然他残疾了，但他仍尽力为人民服务。

→Disabled as he was,he tried his best to serve the people.

虽然他是个孩子，但能讲流利的英语。

EG13: Although/Though he is a child,he speaks fluent English.

→Child as he is,he speaks fluent English.（名词单数前不用不定冠词a）

EG14:Though/Although he is the shortest,he is the richest of the three.

虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最富有的。

→Shortest as he is,he is the richest of the three.（形容词最高级前去定冠词 the）

2）动词提前，构成倒装。

EG15: Though/Although they searched,they could not find anything in the house.

虽然他们搜遍了，却没在房子里找到任何东西。

→Search as they did,they could not find anything in the house.

EG16: Though/Although I failed,I would try again.尽管我失败了，但我还要再试。

→Fail as I didI would try again.Though she may try again,she won't pass it.

EG17: Try as she may, she won't pass it. 尽管愿意再试，她还是不会通过的。

3）副词提前，构成倒装。

EG18: Though/Although he tried hard,he couldn't pass the exam.

尽管他努力了，他还没有通过考试。

→Hard as he tried,he couldn't pass the exan.

EG19: Though/Although I listened attentively,I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting. 尽管我专心听了，我还是不懂他在会议上说的话。

→Attentively as I listened,I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.

EG20: Though/Although he ran the fastest,he still didn't catch the train.

尽管他跑得最快，仍没有赶上火车。

→Fastest as he ran,he still didn't catch the train.（副词最高级前不用定冠词 the）

状语从句从句考点3、状语从句的省略

在状语从句中，满足以下两个条件中的任何一个时：①从句与主句主语相同且从句有be动词 ②从句主语和谓语是it is /was，可以同时省略从句的主语和be动词。

EG21: When (these products were) first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

EG22: If (it is) true, this will cause us lots of trouble.

考点对点练1.用所给词的适当形式填空

1.While _____________(cross) the street, you must be careful. Key: crossing

2.Although_______________(invite), I won’t attend Tom’s party, because I will not be free then. Key: invited

状语从句从句考点4、状语从句其它常考考点

1、As time went by=with time going by 随着时间的流失

EG23:As time went by, I started to understand that a funeral could be a way to celebrate the life of the dead.一天天过去，我开始懂得葬礼可以成为一种赞美逝者生命的方式

2、When it comes to......当谈到......的时候

EG24：When it comes to diet and exercise, we know what to do, but we don't do what we know.

当提到饮食和运动的时候，我们都知道怎么去做，但是我们不会按照我们知道的去做。

3、So....that.....与such.....that....表“如此....以至于....”用法

1）so的句型：一般来说，so后面接adj./adv

①so adj/adv. that②So adj a/an 名词 that ③So many/much/few/little 名词 that

2)注意：such的句型：一般说来，such后接名词或名词短语

①such a /an adj. n. that=so adj. a/an n that②Such adj 名词 that

3)So adj./adv. 或such 名词谓语句首时，主句要倒装。

EG25:It is so good a story that I’ll never forget it.

=So good a story is it that I’ll never forget it.

=Such a good story that I’ll never forget it.

考点对点练2.单句语法填空【用so....that, such....that填空】

1.Father was _______ busy in working ______he often forgot rest or meals. Key: so, that

2.These are _______interesting stories ________ I can’t tear myself away from it. Key: such, that

3.It’s ______ funny a story ______we all laughed to tears. Key: so, that

4.There is ______much traffic _______we can’t move forward. Key: so, that

5.Pop music is _______ an important part of society ______it affects almost every aspect of social life. Key:so, that

四、状语从句应考技巧：

1、在语法填空题中，如果空格在句子的开头，则需考虑用连词，判断从句是否是状语从句主要从逻辑关系和含义上去判断，看是否是表时间、地点、方式、条件，让步等。

2、在语法改错题中，重点关注连接词的误用。

五、状语从句考点精练

(一)状语单句语法填空

1.【2021·全国乙卷】 It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 64the late 1980s.

Key:until 【解析】句意：直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受。根据句意可知，此处表示“直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受”，表示“直到……才……”使用固定句型“not……until……”。故填until。

2.【(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷】The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59(hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it?

Key:hotter【解析】考查比较状语从句，句意：关于黄山温泉让人惊讶的是，气温越低，温泉越暖和。此处是固定结构“the 比较级，the 比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填hotter。

3.【 2020•全国Ⅲ卷】　65　 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled andpointed down the river.

Key:when/As【解析】考查状语从句。这是一个主从复合句,逗号前面是时间状语从句,句子大概意思是:当他问河岸上的村民他在哪里可以找到这位传奇的艺术家的时候,他们指向江边, 应该用When或As引导。

4.【2019·全国卷Ⅲ】On our way to the house,it was raining 61. hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.

Key: so【解析】考查结果状语从句。根据空格后的hard以及其后的that从句可知此处为so adj./adv. that从句结构,故填so。

5.【2021.3 天津卷 单选改编】We all need to get involved in saving energy it's at work, at home, or at school.

Key: whether【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：无论是在工作、家里还是在学校，我们都需要参与节约能源。Whether.....or..... “无论......还是.....”,是一种强烈的让步语气。

6.【2020.7 天津卷 单选改编】—Why do people like pop music? I hate it so much.

— it is not your style, that doesn't mean it is bad.

Key: Even though【解析】考查状语从句。句意：—为什么大家会喜欢流行音乐？我很讨厌流行音乐。—虽然流行音乐不是你喜欢的类型，但也不能说它不好。根据句意以及分析主从句可知，此处为让步状语从句，表达 "虽然，尽管" 之意。故填Even though。

7.【2020.3 天津卷 单选改编】Watch out for injuries while exercising. Always stop you begin to feel any pain.

Key:as soon as【解析】考查状语从句。句意为：在练习的时候小心受伤，—感到疼痛就停下来，故填as soon as

8.【2020.7 上海卷语法填空】One of the earliest-known inventions is the bow and arrow, which is still used throughout the world today, 15, 000 years it was first invented.

Key: after【解析】考查时间状语从句。句意：已知最早的发明之一是弓箭，在它被发明15000年后，至今仍在全世界使用。根据句意可知，本空应填连词after。故答案为：after。

9.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空改编】The doctor shares his phone number with the patients __________ they need medical assistance.

Key: in case【解析】考查状语从句的连词。句意：医生给了病人他的手机号码，以防病人需要医疗援助。故选in case。

10.【2019·天津卷·单项填空改编】Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion _________ he wants their support.

Key: unless【解析】考查条件状语从句。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据题意，故填unless，在此引导条件状语从句。

11.【2017·北京改编】 If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out. Key:until

12.【2017·北京改编】______ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes. Key:Although

13.【2017·北京】—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.

—No problem. Key:so

14.【2016·北京】 My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ he’s in his nineties.

Key: even though

15.【2016·天津】______ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for. Key:As

16.【2016·浙江】_______online shopping has changed our life , not all of its effects have been positive. Key:Although/though/ While

17.【2016·北京】 I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. Key:because/for/as

18.【2015·湖南】Video games can be a poor influence if _______ (leave)in the wrong hands. Key: left

19.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson screamed 58.________ loudly that her daughter came running from the house. Key:so

20.【2018·全国II】Corn uses less water ______ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. Key:than

21.【吉林长春2018届高三四模】Some of us are good at it—planning and doing things ahead of time, ______others are always trying to beat the clock and do things at the eleventh hour.

Key: while考查连词。该空的前一句说“我们中的一些人擅长提前计划和做事情”，后一句说“其他的人总是试图在最后一刻赶时间做事情”，两句话之间是对比关系，所以这里应该填连词while。

22.【2016全国卷Ⅲ】The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, using twigs(树枝) to remove it. Over time, the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Key:as/when

23.【2014年辽宁卷】you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep breath. Key:If

24.【2012年广东卷】___________ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back ,he was wrong. Key:If

25.【2011年广东卷】My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me_______ the bus arrived. Key:until

(二)状语从句单句改错

1.【2021.6全国甲卷 改错】In my opinion, where in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust mostly.

Key: where改为when或whenever【解析】考查状语从句连词。根据句意应该是（每）当遇到困难的时候，我们应该向最信任的人求助。where 改为when或whenever。

2.【2021.6全国乙卷 改错】I also water the flowers in the yard and tidying up my own bedroom whatever necessary.

Key:把whatever改为whenever【解析】考查状语从句。根据句子结构可知，此处体现时间概念，表示每次需要的时候，我都会浇花和收拾我的卧室。故把whatever改为whenever。

3.【2017· 江苏单选改编】Located at the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.

Key：把at 改为where 【解析】考查地点状语从句。be located in/at 地点名词，位于坐落某地，at后是一个完整的句子，介词at不能引导从句，where引导的地点状语从句，在此相当于in/at some place，故把at 改为where。句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。

4.【2014全国I】Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year，but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems．Key：but→yet或去掉but

5.【2013全国 I 卷】In a fact，he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me. Key: during→when

6.【2016·四川】Mom has a full-time job,so she has to do most of the housework. Key:so→but

7.【2015·陕西】My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. Key:after→when/while

8.【2015·浙江】If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it. Key:If→Though/Although

9.【2014·四川卷】If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately. Key:划掉when

10.【2014·全国新课标I】Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. Key:划掉but或but--yet

11.【2018·全国II】The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. Key: where→when

12.【湖北省襄阳四中2018届高三5月第四次模拟】 I was about to give up while my father came to my assistance. Key: while→when

13.【河南省郑州市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟】We were all busy working as all the work was done. Though we were tired out, we felt pleased on our way back home. Key: as→until/till

14.Unfortunately,we had no sooner set out for the Great Wall in Beijing when it began to rain. Key:when→than

15.I was about to leave while I found someone trying stealing a lady’s money.

Key:while→when【解析】考查固定句型be about to do.....when.... “正要做.....这时突然.....”

16.When I was on the stage the nextday, I was so nervous as I shook like a leaf.

Key:as→that【解析】考查结果状语从句，句意“第二天当我在舞台上的时候，我是如此的紧张以至于我像树叶一样摇晃”，so.....that如此....以至于，而so.....as....是引导定语从句表“像....一样的.....”

17.Watch carefully and do anything as if your teacher does in the lab. Key:划掉if

18.Since we have finished the work, so we went home early. Key: 划掉so

(三)状语从句语篇填空训练：在空格处填入适当的词

Forty-year-old Scott crossed the finishing line of the London Marathon yesterday [1] ______walking for 128 hours in a deep sea diver’s suit weighing 54 kilos. He did it [2]__________(raise)moneyfor children with cancer. Mr. Scott once suffered from cancer himself and had beenliving under its shadow [3]________ he was 27. [4] ________ he was moving very slowly on his way, his helpers were busy collecting money from the public. Our hero spent five days on the roadandthe nights in the camper van(厢式货车). When he got to [5]_________finishing line, he was

greeted by the Paula Radcliff, the winner of the women’s race on Sunday. “[6]________was very

tiring because of the weight of the suit,” said Mr. Scott. “I often felt as [7]_______ I just couldn’t go any further.But I was determined to finish, 8_______ hard it was. And I am pleased [9]______ I have raised $100,000 for children with cancer.” But Mr. Scott is going to rest there. No sooner

had hefinished the Marathon [10]_________he was talking about his next project ---- a bike ride across Australia.

Key:1. after 2. to raise 3. until 4. when 5. the 6. It 7. if 8. however 9.that 10. than

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