高考英语语法现在分词语法
现在分词作状语时，分词动作与主语之间常构成主谓关系，说明谓语动作发生的原因、方式、时间、条件、结果、伴随等方面的情况。如：
In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.
A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked
A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _________ all four people on board. (2009上海)
A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill
【重点归纳】
现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如：
Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my study. (误)
Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my study. (正)
1. 现在分词的时态
现在分词有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分；现在分词的完成式表示分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
______ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having waited D. To have waited
2. 现在分词的语态
现在分词一般式的被动语态(being done)表示某被动动作正在进行；现在分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)表示某被动动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
________ many times, he finally understood it.
A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told
3. 现在分词的否定式
现在分词的否定形式是由not 加现在分词构成的。如：
______ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
4. v-ing形式与状语从句的转换
v-ing形式作状语在句法功能上相当于一个状语从句。如：
Having lived inBritainfor years, he acted as our guide during our stay in London.
= Since he had lived inBritainfor years, he acted as our guide during our stay in London.
Working hard with a strong will, you can also make a difference.
= If you work hard with a strong will, you can also make a difference.
(1)“连词 v-ing形式”作状语
while, when, before, although, unless等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，在简化为v-ing形式作状语时，通常要保留原连词，形成“连词 现在分词”结构。如：
Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave here.
= Although having nothing to do here, we can’t leave here.
(2) 若作状语的现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词就要带上自己的逻辑主语构成独立主格结构。如：
The meeting being over (= When the meeting was over), we all drove home.
Time permitting (= If time permits), I will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
注意：状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，在简化为v-ing形式作状语时，要去掉原连词。如：
When his homework had been finished, he went home.
= When his homework having been finished, he went home. (×)
= His homework having been finished, he went home. (√)
(3)“on / upon v-ing形式”作状语。如：
On arriving at the party, she found all the people gone.
= When she arrived at the party, she found all the people gone.
(4)“副词 v-ing形式”作状语。如：
My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
【难点点拨】
1. 过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别
现在分词在句中也可以作时间、条件、原因、让步、方式或伴随状语，但所不同的是现在分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是主谓关系。也可以用现在分词的完成式，则表示动作的完成。过去分词作状语时，它表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。如：
_________ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars.
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
___________ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
2. v-ing形式与不定式作结果状语的区别
v-ing形式作结果状语表示意料之中的结果，而不定式作结果状语表示意料之外的情况。比较：
The child fell, striking his head against the door.
She went home only to find her house broken into.
He hurried to the booking office only _____________ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
