行为动词
动词是表示各种动作或状态的词
按照功能（即能否用做谓语）可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
谓语动词用来表示动作或状态，又分为：行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词四种
非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，又分为：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种。
行为动词，又叫实义动词，含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。
行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词
本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词
及物动词：后面接宾语，可以用于被动语态
Euclid was trying to convey his idea of a geometrical point.
欧几里得试图表达他的一个几何学观点。
The soldier was given a warm send-off by his family。
那个士兵受到家人的热烈欢送
不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语，跟宾语时应在动词后面加上相应的介词，不能用于被动语态。
Smog appeared on the horizon.
地平线上升起了烟雾。
Can you depend on her version of what happened?
你能相信她对所发生事情的描述吗？
有些动词既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词，如：
Change your way of thinking if possible.
有需要时改变一下你的思维方式。
His life changed totally when he received the news.
当他得到那个消息时，他的生活完全改变了。
He tries to help people in need, but firmly believes they should do more to help themselves.
他尽力地去帮助有需要的人，但是仍坚信他们应该更加努力自救。
I would have accomplished nothing if you hadn’t helped.
如果没有你的帮助，我将一事无成。
✦考点链接
More and more noise pollution ____ many species dying out.
A. result in. B. result form C. is resulted in. D. is resulted from
答案及解析：
A result 作动词时，是不及物动词，后面加宾语时需要在动词后面加上接词。Result in 宾语：导致什么结果，result from 宾语：由什么导致。本句的主语noise pollution显然是原因，所以用result in,排除B、D。根据句意，noise和result in之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，所以应该用主动形式，故选A.
连系动词
连系动词：本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。
连系动词 形容词
这种结构最常见，这种结构中常见的连系动词有：
become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, make, remain, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn, go等。
He has been working for more than ten hours without stopping, so he looks tired now.
他已经连续工作了超过十个小时，所以他现在看起来很累。
Durian smells terrible but tastes good.
榴莲闻起来糟糕但是吃起来香。
I have become more mature under the guidance of my mentor.
在我导师的帮助下，我变得越来越成熟。
连系动词 名词
这种结构中常见的连系动词有：
be, become ,draw, live, look, make, play, prove, remain, return, stand, turn等。
My dream has now become a reality.
我的梦想现在已经变成了现实。
Her story proved a joke.
她的故事变成了一个笑话。
连系动词 分词
这种结构中常见的连系动词有：
appear, become, come, feel ,get ,grow, look, stand等。
It takes me five years to get the qualification.
我花了五年时间才拿到证书。
There is nothing to get worried about.
没有什么可担忧的。
连系动词 介词短语
这种结构中常见的连系动词有：
come, continue, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, stand等。
Milk only keeps for a few days.
牛奶只能保鲜几天。
Students must remain in residence during the term.
学生在校期间必须住校。
连系动词 不定式
My dream is to be scientist.
我的梦想是成为一名科学家。
His lack of experience may prove to be his undoing.
他缺乏经验可能是他失败的原因。
助动词
助动词
本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。
常见的助动词有：
✦用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being )
✦用于完成时的have(has,had,having)
✦用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)
✦用于一般时的do(does,did) .
助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式。其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.
助动词主要有以下几方面的作用：
✦帮助行为动词构成否定句、祈使句和疑问句。
She doesn’t finish her work, does she?
她没有完成她的工作，是吗？
Don’t touch the power supply. It’s dangerous.
不要触摸电源，很危险。
✦帮助行为动词构成各种时态
I will graduate from this school soon.（一般将来时）
我很快就要从这所中学毕业了。
I am writing a long novel these days.（现在进行时）
我最近在写一本长篇小说。
Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.（现在完成时）
自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作。
✦帮助行为动词构成被动语态
The meeting has been put off till next week due to the bad weather.
由于恶劣的天气，会议被推迟到下周举行。
✦帮助动词构成各种语气
Mary does make a great progress.（强调）
玛丽确实取得了很大的进步。
We could have won if I didn’t make that mistake.（虚拟语气）
如果我不犯那个错误的话，我们本可以赢的。
✦考点链接
you think he back by dinner time?
A.Do/ have come B. Did/will have come
C. Does/will come. D. Do/ will have come
答案及解析：
D 首先是对you 第二人称提问，助动词用do，排除C。再看句中的by dinner time是一个明显的将来时间，可以判断这是一个一般将来时态，排除B、A，故选D。
动词词形变化一览表
规则动词变化表：
|
规 则变 化 |
原形动词结尾情况 |
现在时单三人称 |
现 在 分 词 |
过去式和过去分词 |
|
一般情况 |
s |
ing |
ed | |
|
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 |
es |
ing |
ed | |
|
辅音字母 y结尾 |
y→i, es |
ing |
y→i, ed | |
|
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 |
s |
双写辅音字母, ing |
双写辅音字母, ed | |
|
不发音的e结尾 |
s |
去掉e, ing |
d | |
|
ie结尾 |
s |
ie→y, ing |
d | |
|
不规则变化 |
have→has；be→is |
(无) |
(见不规则动词变化表) | |
不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
|
be(am,is) |
was |
been |
|
be(are) |
were |
been |
|
beat |
beat |
beaten |
|
become |
became |
become |
|
begin |
began |
begun |
|
blow |
blew |
blown |
|
break |
broke |
broken |
|
bring |
brought |
brought |
|
build |
built |
built |
|
buy |
bought |
bought |
|
can |
could | |
|
catch |
caught |
caught |
|
choose |
chose |
chosen |
|
come |
came |
come |
|
cost |
cost |
cost |
|
cut |
cut |
cut |
|
dig |
dug |
dug |
|
do |
did |
done |
|
draw |
drew |
drawn |
|
drink |
drank |
drunk |
|
drive |
drove |
driven |
|
eat |
ate |
eaten |
|
fall |
fell |
fallen |
|
feel |
felt |
felt |
|
find |
found |
found |
|
fly |
flew |
flown |
|
forget |
forgot |
forgot/forgotten |
|
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
|
get |
got |
got |
|
give |
gave |
given |
|
go |
went |
gone |
|
grow |
grew |
grown |
|
hang |
hung/hanged |
hung/hanged |
|
have(has) |
had |
had |
|
hear |
heard |
heard |
|
hide |
hid |
hidden |
|
hit |
hit |
hit |
|
hold |
held |
held |
|
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
|
keep |
kept |
kept |
|
know |
knew |
known |
|
lay |
laid |
laid |
|
learn |
learnt/learned |
learnt/learned |
|
leave |
left |
left |
|
lend |
lent |
lent |
|
let |
let |
let |
|
lie |
lay |
lain |
|
lose |
lost |
lost |
|
make |
made |
made |
|
may |
might | |
|
mean |
meant |
meant |
|
meet |
met |
met |
|
mistake |
mistook |
mistaken |
|
must |
must | |
|
pay |
paid |
paid |
|
put |
put |
put |
|
read |
read |
Read |
|
ride |
rode |
ridden |
|
ring |
rang |
rung |
|
rise |
rose |
risen |
|
run |
ran |
run |
|
say |
said |
said |
|
see |
saw |
seen |
|
sell |
sold |
sold |
|
send |
sent |
sent |
|
set |
set |
set |
|
shall |
should |
|
shine |
shone |
shone |
|
show |
showed |
shown |
|
shut |
shut |
shut |
|
sing |
sang |
sung |
|
sink |
sank/sunk |
sunk/sunken |
|
sit |
set |
set |
|
sleep |
slept |
slept |
|
smell |
smelt |
smelt |
|
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
|
spend |
spent |
spent |
|
spill |
spilt |
spilt |
|
spoil |
spoilt |
spoilt |
|
stand |
stood |
stood |
|
sweep |
swept |
swept |
|
swim |
swam |
swum |
|
take |
took |
taken |
|
teach |
taught |
taught |
|
tell |
told |
told |
|
think |
thought |
thought |
|
throw |
threw |
thrown |
|
understand |
understood |
understood |
|
wake |
woke/waked |
woken/waked |
|
wear |
wore |
worn |
|
will |
would | |
|
win |
won |
won |
|
write |
wrote |
witten |
,
