Shell中有两类字符：普通字符、元字符。
1. 普通字符在Shell中除了本身的字面意思外没有其他特殊意义，即普通纯文本；
2. 元字符是Shell的保留字符，在shell中有着特殊的含义。
今天主要介绍一下shell中字符$的各种用法。
二、转义字符$在linux shell脚本中经常用到字符$，下面是$的一些常见用法
名称 含义 $# 传给脚本的参数个数 $0 脚本本身的名字 $1 传递给该shell脚本的第一个参数 $2 传递给该shell脚本的第二个参数 $@ 传给脚本的所有参数的列表 $* 以一个单字符串显示所有向脚本传递的参数，与位置变量不同，参数可超过9个 $$ 脚本运行的当前进程ID号 $? 显示最后命令的退出状态，0表示没有错误，其他表示有错误
实例1建立脚本peng.sh如下：
#/bin/bash
total=$[ $1 * $2 $3 ]
echo "$1 * $2 $3 = $total"
运行如下：
./peng.sh 4 5 6
结果如下：
当把字符串输入给shell脚本的时候，注意是以空格作为分隔符，如果字符串本身就有空格的话，那么用双引号或者单引号，比如
#/bin/bash
echo "$1 is pretty nice!"
运行如下：
./peng.sh 一口Linux
结果如下：
实例3 #!/bin/shecho "参数个数:$#"echo "脚本名字:$0"echo "参数1:$1"echo "参数2:$2"echo "所有参数列表:$@"echo "pid:$$"if [ $1 = 100 ]thenecho "命令退出状态：$?" exit 0 #参数正确，退出状态为0elseecho "命令退出状态：$?"exit 1 #参数错误，退出状态1fi
执行结果：
使用for循环进行参数遍历
示例：
#!/bin/bash
number=65 #定义一个退出值
index=1 #定义一个计数器
if [ -z "$1" ];then #对用户输入的参数做判断，如果未输入参数则返回脚本的用法并退出，退出值65
echo "Usage:$0 参数"
exit $number
fi
echo "listing args with \$*:" #在屏幕输入，在$*中遍历参数
for arg in $*
do
echo "arg: $index = $arg"
let index =1
done
echo
index=1 #将计数器重新设置为1
echo "listing args with \"\$@\":" #在"$@"中遍历参数
for arg in "$@"
do
echo "arg: $index = $arg"
let index =1
done
小技巧1：在"和*中遍历参数的区别
示例：
#!/bin/bash
number=11
if [ $# -eq 0 ];then
echo "Usage: $0 参数"
exit $number
fi
for i in $* #在$*中遍历参数，此时每个参数都是独立的，会遍历$#次
do
echo $i
done
echo
for i in "$*" #在"$*"中遍历参数，此时"$*"被扩展为包含所有位置参数的单个字符串，只遍历一次
do
echo $i
done
在 Linux 下，不管你是启动一个桌面程序也好，还是在控制台下运行命令，所有的程序在结束时，都会返回一个数字值，这个值叫做返回值，或者称为错误号 ( Error Number )。
1. 在控制台下，有一个特殊的环境变量 $?，保存着前一个程序的返回值，我们可以试试：
先随便执行个命令，比如像上面的 ls 某些文件，然后通过 echo ，打印? 的值～
我们发现返回值是 0，这是什么意思呢？ 只要返回值是 0，就代表程序执行成功了～ 也就是说，如果 $? 变量的值不是 0 的话，就表示上一个命令在执行的过程中出错了。
2. 我们可以试着 ls 一个不存在的文件：
这样，对于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令，可以方便的看出它是否成功执行结束。 不过，每次都 echo 一下太累了，没关系，你可以把? 放在提示符里去：
3. 将上次命令执行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去：export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
[0]root@ubuntu:/home/peng/zhh# ls
export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}" 这个命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面，这样每次执行完命令，这个值都会自动更新，这下就一目了然了～
4. 用perror查看错误提示那么如果返回的值不是 0，我们要怎么知道是那里出错了呢？ 大多数的程序出错都会给出提示，如果没有提示的话，可以用 perror 这个程序来查看错误的信息，比如返回值是 2，我们可以运行下面命令：
$ perror 2
OS error code 2: No such file or directory
这样就清楚了，原来是文件不存在～
该命令需要安装 apt-get install perror
5. 给出错误代码及其具体原因对照表：
"OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"
"OS error code 2: No such file or directory"
"OS error code 3: No such process"
"OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"
"OS error code 5: Input/output error"
"OS error code 6: No such device or address"
"OS error code 7: Argument list too long"
"OS error code 8: Exec format error"
"OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code 10: No child processes"
"OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code 13: Permission denied"
"OS error code 14: Bad address"
"OS error code 15: Block device required"
"OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"
"OS error code 17: File exists"
"OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code 19: No such device"
"OS error code 20: Not a directory"
"OS error code 21: Is a directory"
"OS error code 22: Invalid argument"
"OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"
"OS error code 24: Too many open files"
"OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code 26: Text file busy"
"OS error code 27: File too large"
"OS error code 28: No space left on device"
"OS error code 29: Illegal seek"
"OS error code 30: Read-only file system"
"OS error code 31: Too many links"
"OS error code 32: Broken pipe"
"OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code 36: File name too long"
"OS error code 37: No locks available"
"OS error code 38: Function not implemented"
"OS error code 39: Directory not empty"
"OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code 42: No message of desired type"
"OS error code 43: Identifier removed"
"OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"
"OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"
"OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"
"OS error code 48: Link number out of range"
"OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"
"OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"
"OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"
"OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code 54: Exchange full"
"OS error code 55: No anode"
"OS error code 56: Invalid request code"
"OS error code 57: Invalid slot"
"OS error code 59: Bad font file format"
"OS error code 60: Device not a stream"
"OS error code 61: No data available"
"OS error code 62: Timer expired"
"OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"
"OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code 65: Package not installed"
"OS error code 66: Object is remote"
"OS error code 67: Link has been severed"
"OS error code 68: Advertise error"
"OS error code 69: Srmount error"
"OS error code 70: Communication error on send"
"OS error code 71: Protocol error"
"OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"
"OS error code 73: RFS specific error"
"OS error code 74: Bad message"
"OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"
"OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code 78: Remote address changed"
"OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"
"OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be Restarted"
"OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"
"OS error code 87: Too many users"
"OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code 89: Destination address required"
"OS error code 90: Message too long"
"OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code 92: Protocol not available"
"OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"
"OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"
"OS error code 95: Operation not supported"
"OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code 98: Address already in use"
"OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100: Network is down"
"OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105: No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110: Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111: Connection refused"
"OS error code 112: Host is down"
"OS error code 113: No route to host"
"OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120: Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123: No medium found"
"OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125: Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126: Required key not available"
"OS error code 127: Key has expired"
"OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130: Owner died"
"OS error code 131: State not recoverable"
"MySQL error code 132: Old database file"
"MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"
"MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"
"MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"
"MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"
"MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"
"MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"
"MySQL error code 139: Too big row"
"MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"
"MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"
"MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"
"MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"
"MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"
"MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"
"MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full; Restart program with a larger locktable"
"MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"
"MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"
"MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"
"MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"
