人教版七年级下册英语各单元知识点归纳
Unit 1 Can you play the guitar?
◆短语归纳
1. play chess 下国际象棋
2. play the guitar 弹吉他
3. speak English 说英语
4. join the swimming club 参加游泳俱乐部
5. talk to 主动跟…说话
6. talk with与…说话
7. play the piano 弹钢琴
8. play the drums 敲鼓
9. make friends with与 朋友
10. do kung fu 练 (中国) 功夫
11. tell stories=tell a story 讲故事
12. play games 做游戏
13. on the weekend/on weekends 在周末
14 want to do 想要去做
15 music（音乐）-musician（音乐家）
◆用法集萃
1. play 棋类/球类 下……棋，打……球 [不戴帽子]
2. play the 乐器 弹/拉……乐器[戴帽子]
3. be good at doing sth.= do well in doing sth. 擅长做某事
4. need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事
5. be good with sb. 和某人相处地好 be good for 有利于
6. can 动词原形 能/会做某事[can是照妖镜]
7. a little 不可数名词 一点儿……
8. join the …club 加入…俱乐部；
9. like to do sth. =love to do sth.=like doing=enjoy doing 喜欢/喜爱做某事 come to my school
◆典句必背
1. Can you draw? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
2. What club do you want to join? I want to join the chess club.
3. You can join the English club.
4. Sounds good./That sounds good.
5 What can you do?
6. I can speak English and I can also play soccer.
7. Please call Mrs. Miller at 555-3721. 8.tell sb (not)to do 告诉某人（不）要去做某事。
8. Are you free?=Do you have time?
Unit 2 What time do you go to school?
◆短语归纳
1. what time 几点（具体时间 ）when （具体时间或不具体时间 ）
2. go to school 去上学
3. get up 起床
4. take a shower 洗淋浴
5. brush teeth 刷牙
6. get to 到达
7. do homework 做家庭作业
8. go to work 去上班
9. go home 回家（home是副词，前不加to）
10. eat breakfast=have breakfast 吃早饭
11. get dressed 穿上衣服
12. get home 到家
13. either…or… 要么…要么…
14. go to bed 上床睡觉
15. take a walk 散步
16. in the morning/ afternoon/ evening
在上午/下午/晚上
17. lots of=a lot of 许多，大量
（加可数名词复数或者不可数名词）
18. radio station 广播电台
19. at night 在晚上
20. be late for=arrive late for 迟到
◆用法集萃
1. at 具体时间点
2. eat breakfast/ lunch/dinner吃早饭/午饭/晚饭 play sports=do sports 做运动
3. thirty\half past 基数词…点半 seven thirty= half past seven
4. fifteen\a quarter to 基数词 差一刻到……点 seven fifteen= a quarter past seven; seven forty-five= a quarter to eight
5. from …to …从……到……
6. need to do sth需要做某事
7 either…or…或者 或者（就近原则）Either you or your father likes English.
8 take a walk=go for a walk=have a walk散步
9 eat quickly 吃得快，quickly是副词，修饰动词eat
10.单词复数tooth-teeth;foot-feet; 脚goose-geese鹅
11.job只能作为可数名词，work可作为不可数名词，还作为动词
12 half an hour 半小时
◆典句必背
1. What time do you usually get up? I usually get up at six thirty.
2. That’s a funny time for breakfast.
3. When do students usually eat dinner? They usually eat dinner at a quarter to seven in the evening. 4. I either watch TV or play computer games.
5. At twelve, she eats lots of fruit and vegetables for lunch..
6. She knows it’s not good for her, but it tastes good. 宾语从句
7. Here are your clothes.倒装句
Unit 3 How do you get to school?
◆短语归纳
1. get to school=arrive at school 到达学校
2. take the subway 乘地铁
3. ride a bike 骑自行车
4. how far 多远
5. from home to school 从家到学校
6. every day 每天 everyday日常的
7. take the bus 乘公共汽车
8. leave Beijing for Shanghai 离开北京到上海
9. bus stop 公共汽车站
10. think of 认为
11. between … and … 在…和…之间
12. one 11-year-old boy 一个11岁的男孩
13. play with … 和…玩
14. come true 实现
15. have to 不得不（客观事实）
must 强调主观必须
◆用法集萃
1. take… to …= go to … by… 乘…去…I take the bus to school.=I go to school by bus.
2. How do / does （sb）get to …? …是怎样到…的？How does Mingming get to school?
3. How far is it from … to …? 从…到…有多远？（询问距离，发配） on foot 步行
4. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间或多少钱。
5. How long does it take to do sth.?花费多长时间？（时间段）go on a ropeway 乘索道
6. It is adj. to do sth. 做某事是….It 是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语
7. Thanks for n. / doing 感谢你（做）某事。He is like a father to me.【like】是介词，表示“像” 8 What do you think of the movie?=How do you like the movie?你认为这部电影怎么样？
◆典句必背
1. How do you get to school? I ride my bike to school.
2. How far is it from your home to school?
3. How long does it take you to get to school?
4. For many students, it is easy to get to school. 【many】只加可数名词复数
5. be afraid of sth,害怕某事，某物； be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事
6 There is no bridge. [no]=not a(an)=not any
7.[3 hundred] 3百不加s, hundreds of 数以百计的加s
8 stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情，例如：Stop talking! stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事情。
Unit 4 Don’t eat in class.
◆短语归纳
1. on time 准时，按时 in time及时
2. listen to music 听音乐 listen与hear区别，listen只是听得动作，hear是听到的结果，
如I listen carefully，but I hear nothing.
我仔细听，但是我什么也没听到。
3. in class 在课上 in the classroom在教室里
4. be late for 迟到=arrive late for
5. go out 外出（娱乐）
6. be quiet 安静 ；quite 是“非常”的意思，
7. do the dishes = wash the dishes清洗餐具
8. make breakfast 做早饭
9. make (one’s) bed 铺床
10. be noisy 吵闹noisy是形容词，
noise是名词，意为噪音
11.follow the rules遵守规则
12. play with sb. 和某人一起玩
13. have fun=have a good time
=enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
14. make rules制定规则
15.break the rules 违反规则
16. on school nights在学校的夜晚
17. think about 考虑
18. good luck 祝你好运
19. after school 放学后，反义词，
before在……之前
◆用法集萃
1.Don’t 动词原形 不要做某事
2. help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事
3. too many 加可数名词复数
too much加不可数名词
much too加形容词或副词，
4. practice doing sth.练习做某事
5. be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格
6. be strict in sth. 在某事方面要求严格
7. learn to do sth. 学会做某事
8. keep 宾语 形容词 使…保持某种状态 keep him happy 让他开心
9.a school uniform 一件校服
◆典句必背
1. Don’t arrive late for class. 上课不要迟到。
2. Can we bring music players to school? 我们可以带音乐播放器到学校吗？
bring… to 带来； take… to 带走
3. And we always have to wear the school uniform. 并且我们总是不得不穿校服。
4. Don’t leave the dirty dishes in the kitchen! 不要把脏盘子留在厨房里！
5. I have to keep my hair short. 我不得不留短发。
6 No doing或者No 名词，例如No swimming! No photos!
Unit 5 Why do you like pandas?
◆短语归纳
1. kind of = a little 有几分，有点儿,修饰形容词，表示程度
2. be from / come from 来自
3. South Africa 南非
4. all day=the whole day 整天
5. for a long time 很长时间 for 加时间段，for 2 hours
6. get lost 迷路
7. places with food and water 有食物和水的地方with是介词，表示【带有】的含义
8. cut down 砍 倒 cut up切碎,代词只能放中间，如 cut them down cut them up
9. be in (great) danger 处于（极大）危险之中 dangerous 形容词；危险的
10. things made of ivory 由象牙制成的东西
◆用法集萃
1. —Why为什Because因为
2. let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
3. want to do sth. 想要做某事
4. one of 可数名词复数 …之一 ，谓语动词用单数， One of the boys is from China.
5. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事[没有做]
6. forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
7. help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
8. be friendly to sb. =be kind to sb 对某人友好
◆典句必背
1. Why do you like pandas?你为什么喜欢熊猫?
2.Because they’re kind of interesting. 因为它们有点儿有趣。
3. Why don’t you like tigers =Why not like tigers 你为什么不喜欢老虎
Because they’re scary. 因为它们吓人。
4.Where are lions from?=Where do lions come from?
They’re from South Africa=They’re from South Africa.
5. Elephants can walk for a long time and never get lost. 大象能走很长时间并且从不迷路。
6. They can also remember places with food and water. 它们也能记住有食物和水的地方。
7. But elephants are in great danger. 但是，大象处于极大危险之中。
8. People cut down many trees so elephants are losing their homes.
人们砍倒了许多树，因此，大象渐渐失去它们的家园。
9. Today there are only about 3,000 elephants (over 100,000 before)
over=more than=超过 现在仅有大约3000头大象（之前超过10万头大象）。
10.Isn’t she beautiful? 她难道不美丽吗？[反义疑问句]
Unit 6 I’m watching TV.
◆短语归纳
1. watch TV 看电视
2. read a newspaper= read newspapers
看报纸
3. talk on the phone 通过电话交谈
4. use the computer 使用电脑
5. make soup做汤
6. do some shopping=go shopping购物
7.eat out 出去吃饭
8.go to the movies=see a film
=go to the cinema看电影
9.on TV在电视上
10 .any other night
任何其他的一个，加可数名词单数
11ve in 住在
12. read a story to sb 给人读故事
13. wish to do 希望去做某事
14. in the living room 在客厅
15. join sb for sth加入某人做某事如
He joins us for soccer,他参加我们打足球
◆用法集萃
1.watch,look,see,read: watch看电视，看比赛；look看得动作，后加at;
see强调看的结果，指看到。 read读书，看报
2. This is Bob (speaking)!我是Bob。Is that Mary? 你是Mary吗？（打电话用语）
3.现在进行时态的构成 be doing ,缺一不可
①以不发音e结尾的词去 e再加 ing，
如take-taking make-making,have-having,exercise-exercising
②需要双写词尾字母的动词有，
shop-shopping,stop,,run, get,sit,dig(挖)，put，begin,swim,chat(聊天)。
4. I’d love / like to do sth. 我愿意做某事。
5. —What be 主语 doing? …正在做什么 —主语 be doing sth.…正在做某事。
◆典句必背
1. —Why are you doing? 你在做什么？—I’m watching TV. 我在看电视。
2. —What’s she doing? 她在做什么？—She’s washing her clothes. 她在洗她的衣服。
3. —What are they doing? 他们在做什么？—They’re listening to a CD. 他们在听一张CD 唱片。 4. —Are you doing your homework? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. I’m cleaning my room.
5. Zhu Hui misses his family and wishes to have his mom’s delicious zongzi.
朱辉思念他的家人并希望吃上他妈妈的可口粽子。
Unit 7 It’s raining!
◆短语归纳
1. not bad 不错 not good 不好
2. at the park= in the park 在公园
3. take a message for=give sb a message
为…捎个口信,message是可数名词
4. have a good time doing/ have a great time doing / have fun doing做heavy. 雨下得大。
◆典句必背
1. How’s the weather?=What’s the weather like? 天气怎么样？
2. It’s cloudy. / It’s sunny. / It’s raining.
3. How’s it going?= How’s everything going? 情况怎么样？
Great! / Not bad. / Terrible! 好极了！/ 不错。
4.Just so-so.马马虎虎。
5. Can I take a message for him? 我给他捎个口信好吗？
6. I’m having a great time visiting my aunt in Canada. 我正在加拿大愉快地拜访我的姨妈
7. My family and I are on a vacation in the mountains. 我和我的家人正在山里度假。
8. It’s hot in your country now, isn’t it? 现在你的国家天气炎热，不是吗？
Unit 8 Is there a post office near here?
◆短语归纳
1. post office 邮局
2. police station警察局
3. pay phone付费电话
4. Bridge Street 桥街
5. Center Street
6. near here 附近
7. across from 在…对面
8 be free 免费（有空）
9. next to 紧挨
10. between… and…
11. in front of 在…前面
12. excuse me 劳驾，打扰了
13. far from 离…远
14. go along… 沿着…走
15. turn right / left 向右 / 左转
16. on the(或one’s) right / left
在（某人的）右边 / 左边
17. in my neighborhood 在我的街区
18. look like=be like像
19. in life 一生中
20. behind在后面
21. Thanks so much.= Thanks a lot.多谢
22. cross the street=go across the street
穿过马路
◆用法集萃
1. Turn right / left at the first crossing. 在第一个路口向右 / 左转
2. spend 时间 / 金钱 on sth.花费时间/金钱在 He spends 2hours on English.
spend 时间 / 金钱 (in) doing sth.花费时间/金钱做某事He spends 2hours reading English
还可以换成It takes him 2hours to read English. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
3. watch sb. doing 观看某人正在做某事 I watch him swimming.
4. in front of 在物体外部的前面；in the front of在物体内部的前面
◆典句必背
1. Is there a hospital near here这附近有医院吗
Yes, there is. It’s on Bridge Street. 是的，有。它在桥街上。
2. Where’s Center Street? 噢…中心大街在哪里？—It’s not too far from here. 它离这儿不太远。
3. Go along long Street and it’s on the right. 沿着长街走，它在右边。
4. To get there,I often walk out.为了到达那里，我常常走出来。动词不定式作为目的状语。
Unit 9 What does he look like?
◆短语归纳
1. short hair 短发
2. long hair 长
3. curly hair 卷发
4. straight hair 直发
blonde hair 金黄色的头发
5. (be) of medium height中等个子
6. (be) of medium build 中等身材
7. in the end 最后
8. a long face 长脸
9. black hair 黑发
10. a big nose 大鼻子
11. a small mouth 小嘴巴 He has a big mouth.他喜欢说别人坏话。
He has a wide mouth 他长着一张大嘴。
12.He has big eyes 大眼睛,不能加a,眼睛是两只
13.wear glasses戴眼镜，作为眼镜用复数，作为玻璃不可数，但玻璃杯可数，
如a glass of tea 一杯茶
14. the same way 同样的方式
15.hair头发通常不可数，但如果指一根一根的头发就可数，如3 hairs
◆用法集萃
1. What does / do 主语 look like? 长得什么样？
2. sb. be of medium build / height 某人中等身材/个子
3. sb. has … hair 某人留着…发, He has long curly black hair (形容词顺序：长形色)
4. sb. wears clothes/glasses 某人穿着/戴着…
◆典句必背
1. —What does he look like? 他长什么样(外貌)—He’s really tall. 他真的很高。
What is he like?他这个人怎么样？(性格，气质，内在特别) He’s really quiet.他很内向。.
2. —Do they have straight or curly hair? 他们留直发还是卷发？
【选择疑问句】—They have curly hair.
3. —Is he tall or short? 他高还是矮？【选择疑问句】一般不能用yes,no回答。
—He isn’t tall or short. He’s of medium height. 他不高不矮，他中等个子。
4. The man with a pair of glasses is my English teacher. 那个戴眼镜的男人是我的英语老师。
Unit 10 I’d like some noodles.
◆短语归纳
1. would like to do = want to do想要去做
2. take one’s order
3. beef soup 牛肉
4. one bowl of… 一碗
2 bowls of 两碗
5. what size什么尺寸
6. mapo tofu with rice带有米饭的麻婆豆腐
7. what kind 什么种类
8. a small / medium / large bowl of
小/ 中/大碗
9. green tea 绿茶black tea 红茶
10. orange juice 橘汁
11. around the world=all over the world
世界各地
12. birthday cake 生日蛋糕
13. the number of的数量
14. make a wish 许原
15. blow out the candles吹灭蜡烛
16. in one go=in one breath 一口气
17. come true 实现
18. cut up 切碎
◆用法集萃
1. would like sth. 想要某物
2. would like to do sth. 想要做某事
3. Why don’t you do sth.?= Why not do sth.? =Let’s do sth. 何不做某事？
4. the number of 名词复数 „的数量，如The number of students is
5. a number of 可数名词复数 许多…A number of students are from China.
◆典句必背
1. What kind of noodles would you like? 你想要哪种面条？
2. I’d like beef noodles, please. 我想要牛肉面。
3. What size would you like? 你想要多大的？. I’d like a medium bowl, please. 我想要一个中碗的。 4. Would you like some eggs? 你想要一个大碗的吗？. Yes, please. 好吧。No,thanks.
Some用于肯定句和表示请求的疑问句，any用于否定句和普通的疑问句
5. If he or she blows out all the candles in one go, the wish will come true.
【条件状语从句】 假如他或她一口气吹灭所有的蜡烛，愿望将实现。
Unit 11 How was your school trip?
◆短语归纳
1. go for a walk=have a walk
=take a walk 去散步
2. milk a cow 挤牛奶
3. ride a horse 骑马
4. feed chickens 喂小鸡, chicken，鸡肉 不可数，小鸡可数
5. learn about 了解
6. not… at all 一点也不，
Not at all.不用谢
7. quite a lot 相当多
8. show around 带领参观
11. grow strawberries 种植草莓
12. pick strawberries 采草莓
13. in the countryside 在乡下
14. go fishing 去钓鱼
15. at night 在夜晚
16. a lot of= lots of 许多；大量,加可数名词复数或者不可数名词，
many只加可数名词复数,much只加不可数名词,
17. come out 出来
18. go on a school trip 去学校郊
19. along the way 沿线
20. after that 之后
21. buy sth. for sb.= buy sb. sth.为某人买某物
22. all in all 总的来说
23. be interested in 对…感兴趣，主语是人
◆用法集萃
1. How be…? like? …怎么样？
2. teach sb. how to do sth. 教某人怎样做某事teach sb.to do 教某人去做某事
3. quite a / an 形容词 可数名词单数 = a very 形容词
可数名词单数一个相当 / 很…如：quite a big tree= a very big tree好大一棵树
◆典句必背
1. —How was your school trip? 你的学校郊游怎么样？—It was great! 好极了！
2. —Did you go to the zoo? 你去动物园了吗？
—No, I didn’t. I went to a farm. 不，没有。我去农场了。
3.Did you see any cows? 你看见一些牛奶了吗？
Yes, I did. I saw quite a lot. 是的，我看见了，我看见相当多（的奶牛）
4. —Were the strawberries good? 这些草莓是好的吗？
— Yes, they were. 是的，它们是。 / No, they weren’t. 不，它们不是。
5. Everything was about robots and I’m not interested in that.
一切都是关于机器人的，我对那方面不感兴趣。
Unit 12 What did you do last weekend?
◆短语归纳
1. do my homework 做我的家庭作业
2. a swimming pool
3. go boating / camping 去划船 /去野营
4. play badminton 打羽毛球
5. on Saturday morning 在星期六早上
6. work as 以…身份而工作
7. have a good weekend 周末过得开心
8.move into移进
9. stay up late 熬夜
10. run away 跑开
11. shout at 对…大声叫嚷(有恶意人) ；shout to（无恶意） 冲…呼喊
12. fly a kite =fly kites 放风筝
13. high school 中学
14. put up a tent 搭起帐篷，举起
15. in the countryside 在乡下
16. get a surprise 吃惊
17. make a fire 生火
18. each other 互相
19. so… that… 如此…以至于…
引导结果状语从句
20. go to sleep 入睡
21. the next morning 第二天早上
22. look out of…向…外看
23. wake…up 把…弄醒，代词必须放中间，如wake him up
24.jump up and down 跳上跳下
◆用法集萃
1. go doing 去做某事go boating
2. 时间段 ago …前,3 days ago
3. keep sb. / sth. 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 使…保持…
4. let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
5. see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
6. start to do / doing sth. 开始做某事
◆典句必背
1. —What did you do last weekend? 上个周末你做什么了？
—I did my homework. / We went boating. 我做了我的家庭作业。/我们去划船了。
2. —Who visited her grandma? 谁看望了她的奶奶？— Becky did. 贝姬看望了。
3. My sister finished high school two weeks ago. 我的姐姐两周前中学毕业了。
4. But I was so tired that I went to sleep early.
但是我是如此疲倦，以至于我很早就睡着了。 [引导结果状语从句]
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一. 情态动词can的用法
can 动词原形，它不随主语的人称和数而变化。
1. 含有can的肯定句：主语 can 谓语动词的原形 其他。
2. 含有can的否定句：主语 can't 动词的原形 其他。
3. 变一般疑问句时，把can提前：Can 主语 动词原形 其他？ 肯定回答：Yes，主语 can。否定回答：No，主语 can't.
4. 含有can的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 can 主语 动词原形 其他？
I can speak English.→I can't speak English.→Can you speak English? →What can you speak?
二. what time和when引导的特殊疑问句
1. 询问几点钟时用what time，询问日期、月份、年份时用when。
2. What's the time?=What time is it?现在几点了？
3. 时刻表达法：顺读法和逆读法。
顺读法：“钟点 分钟”直接读数字。
如：7: 05 seven five；8:16 eight sixteen
逆读法：借助介词past或to表示，要先说分再说钟点。
a. 当分钟不超过30分钟时（包括30分钟），即<或=30，用past表示。其结构为：“分钟 past 整点” 意为“几点过几分”。
如：1:25 twenty-five past one
b. 当超过30分钟时，即>30，用to表示。其结构为：“所差分钟（即60—所 过分钟数） to 下一个整点”，to译成“差”，差几分钟到几点。
如：4:38 twenty-two to five
c. 当分钟为30分钟用half表示，当分钟为15分钟用a quarter。
三. how引导的特殊疑问句
1. how 引导的特殊疑问句提问交通方式，其答语分三种情况：
a. take a/an/the 交通工具（单数）
b. by 交通工具（单数）
c. on/in 限定词 交通工具
---How do you go to school every day?
---I take a bus to go to school every day./I go to school by bus every day./I go to school on the bus every day.
2. how far 用来提问距离，多远，其答语分为两种：
（1）用长度单位表示：It is five kilometers.
（2）用时间表示：It’s twenty minutes’walk.
3. how long 用来提问时间，意为多久回答常用“for 段时”。
----How long have you learnt English?
----For 3 years.
4. how soon 用来提问做完某事还需要多长时间， 用于将来时态， 常用“in 时间段”来回答。
----How soon will you arrive in Beijing? ----In 3 hours.
四. 祈使句
祈使句一般表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。一般以动词原形开头，句末可以用感叹号或句号。
1. 肯定的祈使句：
(1) 实义动词原形 其他 ：Please look at that boy.
(2) be动词原形 形容词 其他：Be quiet, please.
2. 否定的祈使句：
(1) Don’t 实义动词 原形 Don't stand there.
(2) Don’t be 形容词 其他 Don't be so noisy.
(4) No n./V-ing
No photos. 不许照相。
No talking. 不许谈话。
五. 现在进行时
现在进行时指当前时间正在发生的动作。常与now，at this moment，listen，look等词连用。
谓语动词结构：be 动词ing形式
They are having class.
He is eating lunch.
变为否定句直接在be动词之后加not，其他不变；变为一般疑问句直接把be动词提到句首，其他不变。
They are having class.→They are not having class.→ Are they having class?
He is eating lunch.→ He is not eating lunch. → Is he eating lunch?
六. There be结构
1. There be句型主要用以表达“某处有某人（某物），强调存在”其基本结构为“There be＋某物（某人）＋某地”，有时为了强调地点，也可把地点状语放在句首。
There is a book on the desk.
On the desk there is a book.
2. have表示“某人拥有某人或某物，强调拥有和所属关系”。
The man has two cars.
3. There be句型中的就近原则，即be和距其最近的主语保持一致。
There are some pens and a book on the floor. =There is a book and some pears on the floor.
七. 选择疑问句
选择疑问句是指说话人提出两种或以上的情况，让对方选择是哪一种，两个选择部分用or连接。选择疑问句不用yes或no来回答，直接在两个选择里选一个回答。
---Is she tall or short? ---She is tall.
---Can you play the piano or play the guitar? ---I can play the piano
八. 名词
1. 名词单数变复数规则
在英语里面，名词分可数名词（countable noun）和不可数名词（uncountable noun）。不可数名词没有单复数之分，用时只当单数词用；可数名词有单复数之分，一个的前面要用a或an，eg: a pencil, a basketball, a dictionary, an egg, an ID card，而复数即两个或两个以上的要作相应的变化，情况如下：
(1)一般的词在单数词后直接 “s”
book→books，pen→pens，car→cars，map→maps，cartoon→cartoons
(2)以s，x，sh，ch结尾的词 “es”
box→boxes，watch→watches
(3)以辅音字母 y结尾的名词去掉“y”，改成“i”，再加“es”
family→families，comedy→comedies
(4)以f或fe结尾的词，先去掉f或fe，改成“v”再加es
knife→knives，wife→wives，handkerchief→handkerchieves
(5) 特殊词，特殊变化，需单独记：
child→children，man→men，foot→feet，woman→women
tooth→teeth，sheep→sheep，deer→deer
2. 既是可数名词又是不可数名词的单词
chicken当“鸡肉”讲时是不可数，当“小鸡”讲时可数；
room当“空间”讲时不可数，当“房间”讲时可数；
fish当食物用“鱼、鱼肉”讲时不可数，当“鱼的种类”讲时可数；
hair泛指“毛发”时不可数，当“一根或几根毛发”讲时可数；
sound意思是“一般性的声音”时，不可数，指“一次发出的声音”时可数；
paper当“纸”讲时不可数，当“试卷”、“论文”、“证件”讲时可数；
time当“时间”讲时不可数，当“时代、倍数、次数”讲时可数；
exercise泛指“锻炼”时不可数，当“练习、做操”讲时可数
九. 一般过去时
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态（与现在无关） 。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。
He was here just now.
他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday?
你昨天做了什么事？
一般过去时基本结构
1. 肯定句形式：主语 动词过去式 其他
I was an English teacher one year ago.
一年前我是一名英语老师。
I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午我买了一条黄裙子。
2. 否定句形式：①was/were not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词
I wasn't an English teacher one year ago.
一年前我不是一名英语老师。
I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午我没买一条黄裙子。
3. 一般疑问句：①was/were提到句首； ②Did 主语 动词原形 其他？
Were you an English teacher one year ago?
一年前你是一名英语老师吗？
Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你买了一条黄裙子吗？
4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 一般疑问句
What were you one year ago?
一年前你是做什么的？
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