* 用英语自身来理解和学习英语是最好的方式，《英读廊》是《满庭说英语》中的拓展阅读系列，这一系列的文章力求帮助大家在英语阅读能力上有所提升，并树立英语思维；* 推荐的阅读的方法是：先原文，适当看解析阅读，还有疑惑再看双语对照。* 解析中英语单词的音标使用Dictcom和IPA双音标标注，如果需要了解Dictcom音标，请参看我们的《dictionary.com所用的音标体系》一文。* 本篇文章难度系数9.5，由《小仙英语伴读》人工智能难度分析系统提供评分。
#英语思维#
#英语#
#麸质#
【编者按】今天，让我们来了解一下麸质及其过敏有关的英语内容。至于麸质，简单地说是小麦等谷物中含有的一种蛋白质，再形象地说就是我们常吃的面筋（后面突然切换麸质与面筋的说法就好理解了），也就是面制品中让人有“嚼头”的原因，但是很遗憾，有一部分人对麸质是过敏的。
How after 5000 years of humanity surviving off of bread do we have so many people within the last decade who are entirely allergic to gluten?【译】在人类靠面包生存了5000年之后，在过去的十年里，我们怎么还会有那么多人对麸质过敏呢？【单词】humanity [hyoo-'man-i-tee][hjuː'mænəti] n. 人类【单词】surviving 原型：survive [ser-'vahyv][sə'vaɪv] vi. 活着；继续存在【单词】bread [bred][bred] n. 面包
【单词】decade ['dek-eyd]['dekeɪd] n. 十年【单词】entirely [en-'tahyuhr-lee][ɪn'taɪəli] adv. 完全地；全部地【单词】allergic [uh-'lur-jik][ə'lɜːdʒɪk] adj. 过敏的；反感的【单词】gluten ['gloot-n]['ɡluːtn] n. 麸质；面筋
We don't know.【译】我们实际上不知道。
There are a number of theories about this.【译】关于这一点有很多理论。【短语】a number of ... 一些；许多；若干；例句：A number of satellites are now circling the earth. 一些人造卫星现在正环绕地球飞行。
To clarify, while the increase may be exaggerated by people who falsely claim intolerance when they probably have other health issues (or are hypochondriacs), there is actually an increase in people with diagnosable gluten intolerance.【译】要澄清的是，当人们可能有其他健康问题（或疑难病症）时，错误地声称（麸质）不耐受的人可能夸大了这种增长，但实际上，可诊断的麸质不耐受的人也确实增加了。【单词】clarify ['klar-uh-fahy]['klærəfaɪ] vt. 澄清；阐明；净化【单词】exaggerated 原型：exaggerate [ig-'zaj-uh-reyt][ɪɡ'zædʒəreɪt] vt. 夸张；夸大；对...言过其实 vi. 夸张；夸大其词【单词】falsely [fawls][fɔːlsli] adv. 虚伪地；错误地；不实地【单词】intolerance [in-'tol-er-uhns][ɪn'tɒlərəns] n. 偏执；不宽容；无法忍受【单词】diagnosable ['dahy-uhg-nohs, -nohz, dahy-uhg-'nohs, -'nohz]['daɪəɡnəʊz] v. 判断；诊断(疾病)
And gluten intolerance is different than celiac.【译】而麸质不耐症则不同于乳糜泻。【单词】celiac ['see-lee-ak]['siːlɪˌæk] n. 乳糜泻
【解析】人们常说的「麸质过敏」其实是三种不同的病症。它们是乳糜泻、非乳糜泻的小麦敏感和小麦过敏。乳糜泻是由麸质造成的自身免疫病，小麦过敏属于IgE（免疫球蛋白E）介导的过敏，小麦敏感则属于食物不耐受。从严重性上乳糜泻高于小麦过敏高于小麦敏感。
I'm taking here about gluten intolerance.【译】我在这里讲的是麸质不耐症（小麦敏感）。
Some possible causes include changes in the gut microbiome and changes in how we process and make bread.【译】一些可能的原因包括肠道微生物群的变化以及我们加工和制作面包的方式的变化。【单词】gut [guht][ɡʌt] n. 内脏；肠子【单词】microbiome 名词 n. 微生物组
Changes in the gut microbiome are a likely cause/contributor but the causes and effects of that are just stating to be understood, and barely.【译】肠道微生物组的变化是一个可能的原因/促成因素，但其原因和影响只是说明，尚待了解，现在这方面的研究很少。【单词】barely ['bair-lee]['beəli] adv. 几乎不；刚刚；勉强；少量地
On the processing side, one interesting theory is that the germ of wheat helps us process the gluten in some way.【译】在加工方面，一个有趣的理论是小麦胚芽在某种程度上能够帮助我们解决麸质的问题。【短语】help sb. to do sth. 或者 help sb. do sth. 帮助某人做某事；注意带不带to都可以，一般不会用doing；例句：He helped me (to) find my watch. 他帮我找到了手表。【单词】germ [jurm][dʒɜːm] n. 细菌；微生物；胚芽【单词】wheat [weet, hweet][wiːt] n. 小麦；小麦色
It has lots of nutrients, vitamins, fats, etc.【译】它（小麦胚芽）含有大量的营养素、维生素、脂肪等。【单词】nutrients 原型：nutrient ['noo-tree-uhnt, 'nyoo-]['njuːtriənt] n. 营养物；营养品【单词】vitamins 原型：vitamin ['vahy-tuh-min]['vɪtəmɪn] n. 维生素【单词】fats 原型：fat [fat][fæt] n. 脂肪；肥肉【单词】etc ['etk] abbr. 及其他；等等(=Et cetera)
Modern wheat flour (even most whole grain stuff) is made by separating the germ from the rest of the wheat first, then processing.【译】现代小麦粉（甚至是大多数全麦面粉）是先将胚芽从小麦中分离出来，然后再加工制成的。【单词】modern ['mod-ern]['mɒdn] adj. 现代的；时髦的
【单词】flour [flouuh r, 'flou-er]['flaʊə] n. 面粉；粉末【单词】grain [greyn][ɡreɪn] n. 谷物；谷类【单词】stuff [stuhf][stʌf] n. 东西；原料；材料【单词】separating 原型：separate ['sep-uh-reyt]['sepərət] v. 分开；隔开
This causes the flour to keep longer but removes all those nutrients.【译】这可以使面粉能够保存更长的时间，但去掉了所有这些营养素。【单词】removes 原型：remove [ri-'moov][rɪ'muːv] v. 消除；脱掉；免除；搬迁
This is why flour/cereals need to be fortified.【译】这就是面粉/谷物需要加强的原因。【单词】fortified 原型：fortify ['fawr-tuh-fahy]['fɔːtɪfaɪ] v. 加强；增强
However, we only fortify with the vitamins and minerals for which we notice obvious deficiencies.【译】然而，我们一般只加入维生素和矿物质，这明显是不够的。【单词】minerals 原型：mineral ['min-er-uhl, 'min-ruhl]['mɪnərəl] n. 矿物【单词】notice ['noh-tis]['nəʊtɪs] vt. 注意；留心
【单词】obvious ['ob-vee-uhs]['ɒbviəs] adj. 明显的；显然的【单词】deficiencies 原型：deficiency [dih-'fish-uhn-see][dɪ'fɪʃnsi] n. 缺乏；不足；缺陷；缺点
So it's entirely feasible that we are neglecting to add something back into the flour that helps SOME people not develop gluten intolerance.【译】所以，我们其实是忽略了在面粉中添加一些有助于某些人避免麸质不耐症的物质，这是完全可行的。【单词】feasible ['fee-zuh-buhl]['fiːzəbl] adj. 可行的；可能的【单词】neglecting 原型：neglect [ni-'glekt][nɪ'ɡlekt] vt. 忽略；忽视；疏忽【单词】develop [dih-'vel-uh p][dɪ'veləp] v. 发展；发育；开发
This may be via some immune response or due to changes caused in the gut microbe (e.g. we are no longer giving some micronutrients to a specific bacteria in our gut so it dies out.【译】这可能是通过某些免疫反应或由于肠道微生物的变化（例如，我们不再给肠道中的特定细菌提供某些微量营养素，因此它会消失）。【短语】due to 多数表示“由于；因为”。如：This accident was due to his careless driving．同时，due 与to 单配，还可以表示“付给某人”，如：Respect is due to older people.【单词】via ['vahy-uh, 'vee-uh]['vaɪə] prep. 经由；通过【单词】immune [ih-'myoon][ɪ'mjuːn] adj. 免疫的；免除的【单词】microbe ['mahy-krohb]['maɪkrəʊb] n. 微生物；细菌【单词】micronutrients [mahy-kroh-'noo-tree-uhnt, -'nyoo-][maɪkrən'juːtriənts] 微量元素【单词】bacteria 原型：bacterium [bak-'teer-ee-uhm][bæk'tɪəriəm] n. 细菌
That bacteria helped us process gluten or a byproduct and without its help we get sick).【译】这种细菌帮助我们处理麸质或副产品，如果没有它的帮助，我们就会生病）。【单词】byproduct ['bahy-prod-uhkt]['baɪˌprɒdʌkt] n. 副产品 by-【单词】sick [sik][sɪk] adj. 有病的；恶心的；腻烦的；晕的；令人毛骨悚然的 n. 病人；呕吐物 vt. 追逐；攻击；唆使
It's also possible that our body just needs some nutrient in the germ to process gluten efficiently.【译】也有可能我们的身体只是需要一些细菌中的营养物质来有效地处理麸质。【单词】efficiently [ih-'fish-uhnt][ɪ'fɪʃntli] adv. 高效率地；有效地
We really just don't know.【译】我们真的不知道。
Also, wheat has been subjected to intense selective breeding for thousands of years, and the change has been especially rapid in the last 100.【译】而且，小麦经过了几千年的激烈的选择性育种，在过去的100年里这种变化尤其迅速。【单词】intense [in-'tens][ɪn'tens] adj. 强大的；紧张的；强烈的；激烈的；深刻的【单词】selective [si-'lek-tiv][sɪ'lektɪv] adj. 选择的；选择性的；精挑细选的【单词】breeding 原型：breed [breed][briːd] v. 繁殖；养育【单词】rapid ['rap-id]['ræpɪd] adj. 短时间发生的；急速的；迅速的；快的
Modern wheat has higher gluten content and the gluten itself has a somewhat different sequence (gluten is a protein, which means it has a specific sequence of amino acids that determine its properties).【译】现代小麦的麸质含量更高，而麸质本身的基因序列也有些不同（麸质是一种蛋白质，这意味着它有一个特定的氨基酸序列来决定它的特性）。【单词】content ['kon-tent][kən'tent] n. 内容【单词】somewhat ['suhm-hwuht]['sʌmwɒt] adv. 稍微；有些；多少；几分【单词】sequence ['see-kwuhns]['siːkwəns] n. 顺序；连续；次序；一系列【单词】protein ['proh-teen, -tee-in]['prəʊtiːn] n. 蛋白质【单词】amino [uh-'mee-noh, 'am-uh-noh]['æmɪnəʊ] adj. 氨基的
【单词】acids 原型：acid ['as-id]['æsɪd] n. 酸；酸性物质【单词】determine [dih-'tur-min][dɪ'tɜːmɪn] v. 决定；决心；确定；测定
It's possible that modern wheat gluten is processed differently than ancient gluten, resulting in different responses.【译】可能现代小麦面筋的加工方式与古代面筋不同，从而产生不同的反应。【短语】result in 表示“结果是；导致”。如：They result in poor capital allocation. 它们会导致资本配置不当。【单词】differently ['dif-er-uhnt-lee, 'dif-ruhnt‐]['dɪfrəntli] adv. 不同地【单词】ancient ['eyn-shuhnt]['eɪnʃənt] adj. 古老的；古代的
Note that Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder.【译】注意乳糜泻是一种自身免疫性疾病。【单词】disease [dih-'zeez][dɪ'ziːz] n. 疾病【单词】autoimmune [aw-toh-i-'myoon][ˌɔːtəʊɪ'mjuːn] adj. 自身免疫的【单词】disorder [dis-'awr-der][dɪs'ɔːdə] n. 混乱；杂乱；不适；失调；疾病【专有名词】Celiac Disease 乳糜泻
It's not directly the wheat gluten that hurts you, it's the aberrant immune response that follows the body treating the gluten as an invading pathogen.【译】伤害你的不是小麦麸质，而是身体将麸质视为入侵病原体后产生的异常免疫反应。【单词】directly [dih-'rekt-lee, dahy-][də'rektli] adv. 直接地；立即；正好地；完全【单词】hurts 原型：hurt [hurt][hɜːt] vt. 损害；伤害；使疼痛【单词】treating 原型：treat [treet][triːt] v. 对待；视为；探讨；治疗；处理【单词】invading 原型：invade [in-'veyd][ɪn'veɪd] v. 侵略；拥入；侵害；侵扰【单词】pathogen ['path-uh-juhn, ‐jen]['pæθədʒən] n. 病原体
Autoimmune diseases are on the rise everywhere in the developed world.【译】自身免疫性疾病在发达国家到处都在增加。【单词】developed 已开发的，发达的
One hypothesis for this rise is the comparative lack of intestinal parasites in the developed world.【译】一种假说是，在发达国家中，由于肠道寄生虫已经相当少，这是引起自身免疫性疾病增多的原因。【单词】hypothesis [hahy-'poth-uh-sis, hi-][haɪ'pɒθəsɪs] n. 假说；假设；前提；猜测【单词】comparative [kuh m-'par-uh-tiv][kəm'pærətɪv] adj. 比较的；相当的 n. 比较级【单词】intestinal [in-'tes-tuh-nl; British in-tes-'tahyn-l][ˌɪntes'taɪnl] adj. 肠的【单词】parasites 原型：parasite ['par-uh-sahyt]['pærəsaɪt] n. 寄生虫；寄生生物
We spent millions of years evolving powerful anti parasite weapons, and without real targets, our immune system directs its attention to our own tissues, or towards harmless irritants like gluten, or peanuts, or soy.【译】我们花了数百万年的时间研制出强大的抗寄生虫武器，在没有真正目标的情况下，我们的免疫系统将注意力转向我们自己的组织，或转向无害的刺激物，如谷蛋白、花生或大豆。【单词】spent 原型：spend [spend][spend] v. 花费；浪费；度过；用尽（气力等）【单词】evolving 原型：evolve [ih-'volv][i'vɒlv] v. (使)逐步形成；(使)逐步演变；进化【单词】powerful ['pou-er-fuhl]['paʊəfl] adj. 强有力的；强大的；有权的；强健的【单词】anti ['an-tahy, 'an-tee]['ænti] adj. 反对的 prep. 反对【单词】weapons 原型：weapon ['wep-uhn]['wepən] n. 武器；兵器【单词】tissues 原型：tissue ['tish-oo]['tɪʃuː] n. (生物的)组织；织物【单词】harmless ['hahrm-lis]['hɑːmləs] adj. 无害的；无恶意的【单词】irritants 原型：irritant ['ir-i-tnt]['ɪrɪtənt] n. 刺激物；刺激剂【单词】peanuts 原型：peanut ['pee-nuht, -nuht]['piːnʌt] n. 花生【单词】soy [soi][sɔɪ] n. 大豆
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