【备战高考 】掌握5种基本句型，正确分析复杂句
阅读语篇中遇到复杂句准理解，写作中用到高级句式显功底。无论是阅读还是表达，复杂句是绕不过去的一道坎。但再复杂的长难句也是由最基本的句式组合而成，化“长”为“短”、化“繁”为“简”是破译长难句最有效的办法。所以，面对长句、难句、复杂句，我们还应从基本的5种句型学起。
英语表达常见5种基本句型
基本句型一 简约却不简单的“主谓”结构
1．主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。常见的不及物动词有：arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, ride, occur, agree, write, stay, approach等。
它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vi.)(＋状语)
①(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)An_important_volleyball_match is approaching.
一场重要的排球比赛即将来临。
②You can stay for a week.
你可以住一个星期。
③(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)在比赛中友谊第一。
Friendship always comes first in the competition.
④In the environment, teachers_and_students are living happily and working hard.
在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。
2．谓语动词也可以是不及物动词短语，如come up (被提出), run out (用完), get by (勉强生存), come out (出版), break down (出故障), drop by (顺便拜访), pass out (晕倒)等。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)The_upcoming_Music_Festival will take place in our school.
即将到来的音乐节将在我们学校举行。
②You can get by with existing vocabulary, but try to improve it if you want to get good marks.
你现有的词汇勉强能用，但如果想要取得高分你还是要扩充词汇量。
③His_computer broke down when he was doing his homework.
他做作业时，电脑突然坏掉了。
[名师指津] 不及物动词或短语后不能接宾语，要特别注意英汉表达的差异。
他家昨晚发生了一场火灾。
①His home broke out a fire last night.(×)
②A fire broke out in his home last night.(√)
基本句型二 众人青睐的“主谓宾”结构
“主谓宾”句型之所以受到中国英语学习者的青睐，是因为它跟我们的思维方式最接近，因而这个句型也是同学们在写作中运用最多的。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语(＋状语)
1．该句型中的谓语是及物动词，如respect, admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句等作宾语。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)I will meet you at the entrance of the music hall at 7：00 that evening.
我将晚上七点在音乐厅门口等你。
②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I would appreciate your taking my application into consideration.
您能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。
③(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Our_team is preparing for the game, from living to daily training.
从生活到日常训练，我们队正在为比赛做准备。
④I have the following advantages.
我有以下优点。
[名师指津]
在写作中，同学们比较擅长使用主动语态。如果能灵活使用被动语态，会给句子添彩不少。例如：
①To broaden vocabulary, we should read more native materials.
→To broaden vocabulary, more native materials should be read.
②I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.
→I am not sure whether the college graduates can get employed after graduation.
2．谓语动词也可以是及物的动词短语，如 communicate with (交流), stand for (代表，象征), get on well with (与……相处融洽), look forward to (盼望), come across (偶然遇见)等等。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I can communicate with visitors without difficulty.
我可以毫不费力地与来访者沟通。
②(2019·天津高考书面表达)I am looking forward to enjoying your wonderful lecture.
我期待着欣赏您精彩的演讲。
③(2019·江苏高考书面表达)Li Jiang and Su Hua don't agree on what to wear when greeting the British students.
李江和苏华关于在欢迎英国学生时穿什么服装意见不一。
④(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In addition to my English abilities, I can also get on well with everyone around me.
除了我的英语能力，我还能和周围的人相处得很好。
[名师指津]
(1)在“动词＋介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能接在介词之后；在“动词＋副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可；作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。
①Please wake Li Ling up (＝wake up Li Ling) at six thirty in the morning.(√)
②Please wake her up at six thirty in the morning.(√)
③Please wake up her at six thirty in the morning.(×)
(2)有些“主谓宾结构”的句子虽然短小，但表达的含义更精确，语言更地道。写作中并不一定句子越长越好。
I could not say any word.
→Words failed me.(单词虽然少，句子更精悍)
基本句型三 独一无二的“主系表”结构
汉语没有表语这一说法，这样就显得英语的“主系表”结构比较有个性了，因此我们说此结构是独一无二的，主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。它的基本结构是：主语＋系动词＋表语
1．这种句型无被动语态，也无进行时态。谓语动词需用系动词，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语或非谓语动词形式等。
常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)；持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay)；表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。
①(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Every_participating_team is great and ready for the game.
每一支参赛队伍都非常出色，并且为比赛做好了准备。
②(2019·江苏高考书面表达)The_traditional_Chinese_dress looks more beautiful and stylish.
中国传统服装看起来更漂亮，更时尚。
③Now we feel released and very energetic in class.
现在我们在课堂上感到轻松，精力充沛。
2．同一个单词的不同词性作表语时，所表达的意义是不同的，这也是学生写作时常犯错误之一。
①Learning_English is hard.(形容词作表语)(√)
②Learning_English is a hardship.(抽象名词具体化)(√)
③Learning English is hardship.(×)
3．在主系表结构中要注意英汉表达的差异，避免中式英语。如：
这件外套很贵。
①The price of the coat is very expensive.(×)
②The_coat is very expensive.(√)
③The_price_of_the_coat is very high.(√)
表示价格的词price只能用“高”或“低”，即high或low来修饰，而不能像汉语一样用“贵”或“贱”来形容。
[名师指津]
(1)population是不可数名词，说“人口多或少”要用large或small (比较级larger或smaller), 不能受汉语的影响，用many或few (比较级more或fewer)来修饰。如：
上海的人口比北京的人口多。
①The population of Shanghai is more than that of Beijing.(×)
②The_population_of_Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.(√)
(2)convenient不可用人作主语，要用物作主语或用it作形式主语，常用的结构是：sth.be convenient to sb./It's convenient to sb./It's convenient to do sth.
如：我方便时来看你。
①I will see you if I am convenient.(×)
②I will see you if it is convenient to me.(√)
基本句型四 一拖二的“主谓宾宾”结构
“主谓宾宾”这类句型在写作中常常用到，具有独特的魅力。与单个的及物动词跟一个宾语结构相比，双宾语结构的独特之处在于一个动词与两个名词短语相互作用。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋间接宾语(人)＋直接宾语
1．间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词to来变换间接宾语的动词：give, offer, hand, show, throw, pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write等。(如：give sb.sth.＝give sth.to sb.)
①(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I am writing you a letter to apply for the chance to become a volunteer.
＝I am writing a letter to you to apply for the chance to become a volunteer.
我给你写信申请成为一名志愿者的机会。
②Mother's_love gives us encouragement and strength.
＝Mother's love gives encouragement and strength to us.
母爱给予我们鼓励和力量。
③This_competition offered us a chance to learn about Chinese culture.
＝This competition offered a chance to learn about Chinese culture to us.
这个比赛给我们提供了一个了解中国文化的机会。
④I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.
＝I have to pay 20 pounds to them for this room each month.
我每个月要付20英镑的房租给他们。
2．可用介词for来变换间接宾语的动词：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb.sth.＝make sth.for sb.)
①He bought me a bicycle.
＝He bought a bicycle for me.
他给我买了一辆自行车。
②Can you get me some stamps?
＝Can you get some stamps for me?
你能帮我拿些邮票吗？
③Please find me an apartment.
＝Please find an apartment for me.
请帮我找一套公寓。
④The_new_regulation_about_limiting_the_number_of_cars_on_road can spare travelers a lot of time.
＝The new regulation about limiting the number of cars on road can spare a lot of time for travelers.
这项关于限制马路上汽车数量的法规能够为旅行者们节约很多时间。
[名师指津] ask, answer, take, cost等，这一类动词无法改变结构形式。
May I ask you a question？我可以问你一个问题吗？
基本句型五 缺一不可的“主谓宾补”结构
“主谓宾补”句式结构中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。写作时应熟练掌握“名词作宾语补足语”这种高级表达形式。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语＋宾语补足语。
1．常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect, make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。
①Her_parents died and left her an orphan.
她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。
②We_all call him a living dictionary.
我们都叫他“活字典”。
2．常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint, drive等。
①As a high school student, I consider English very important.
作为一名高中生，我认为英语非常重要。
②You had better keep the door open, because it is hot in the room.
你最好把门开着，屋里实在太热了。
3．常用现在分词和省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, leave等。
①He left me waiting in the rain.他让我在雨中等。
②Did you see him go out？你看到他出去了吗？
4．常用to do作宾补的及物动词有：advise, ask, command, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。
Our_maths_teacher always encourages us to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers.
我们的数学老师经常鼓励我们自己解决问题而不是等着老师把答案告诉我们。
5．常用副词、介词短语等作宾补的及物动词有：leave, put等。
You can't leave your friend in trouble.
你不能把你朋友置于困境而不顾。
6．有些动词后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，这是英语中常用的句型，即“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”。常见的动词有：think, find, consider, feel, make等。
The_student has made it a rule to read English magazines every day.
这个学生已经养成了每天读英文杂志的习惯。
同学们在写作时切忌好高骛远，在没有把握基本的简单句的情况下，不要轻易尝试很复杂的句子。要从自己可以掌控的东西出发，先学会把自己的思想表达成为得体的简单句，进而对之进行再加工、转换，方能创作出漂亮的作文。
[专题跟踪集训]
Ⅰ.写出下面简单句的基本类型(“主谓”结构/“主谓宾”结构/“主系表”结构/“主谓宾宾”结构/“主谓宾补”结构)
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In addition, I can explain the Chinese paintings in detail.
2．2．(2019·浙江6月高考写作)I wish you all the best in the future and have a good journey.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Most importantly, it's vital that you should mind your table manners.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)The table tennis team of our school is looking for new players right now.
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I remember you showed me some photos on environmental protection when you visited our school last time.
6．Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
7．Actually，people can get by with a few local expressions when traveling to a foreign country.
8．Many good approaches to vocabulary learning came up at Global Education Summit.
9．I know it may sound strange to you, but I've decided to be a farmer.
10. The children find it hard to live up to their parents.
Ⅱ.依据括号内的要求翻译句子
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)此外，充足的睡眠和健康的饮食无疑会使我们保持良好的状态。(“主谓宾”结构)
_
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)开幕式将于上午9点开始，我们的校长将首先给我们发表讲话。(“主谓宾宾”结构)
_
3．(2019·北京高考书面表达)上周我在郊区的一个农场劳动。(“主谓”结构)
_
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)希望我能提供给你一些有用的建议。(“主谓宾宾”结构)
_
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我相信你会玩得很开心。(“主谓宾”结构)
_
6．(2018·北京高考书面表达)收到你的来信得知你要来北京，我很高兴。(“主系表”结构)
_
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这部英文短片将于下午2点在学校大厅开始放映。(“主谓”结构)
_
8．(2016·江苏高考书面表达)另外，网络使调研和选举容易又方便，不用顾及时间和空间。(“主谓宾补”结构)
_
答案：Ⅰ.写出下面简单句的基本类型(“主谓”结构/“主谓宾”结构/“主系表”结构/“主谓宾宾”结构/“主谓宾补”结构)
1．“主谓宾”结构
2．“主谓宾宾”结构
3．“主系表”结构
4．“主谓宾”结构
5．“主谓宾宾”结构
6．“主谓宾补”结构
7．“主谓”结构
8．“主谓”结构
9．.“主系表”结构
10. .“主谓宾补”结构
Ⅱ.依据括号内的要求翻译句子
1．Besides, enough sleep and healthy diet will unquestionably keep us a good condition.
2．The opening ceremony will start at 9：00 am and our headmaster will give us a speech first.
3．Last week I worked on a farm in the suburbs.
4．Hopefully, I can offer you some helpful suggestions.
5．I have the confidence that you will have a good time.
6．I'm happy to receive your letter and know you're coming to Beijing.
7．The English short film will start in the school hall at 2 pm.
8．In addition, the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space.
,
