三大从句之一：状语从句(adverbial clause)
什么叫做从句？
就是一个完整的句子充当一个长句中的某个语（成分）,就叫X语（成分）从句
英语中从句总共可以分为三种
1.名词性从句（用句子代替名词）
2.状语从句（用句子代替副词等）
3. 定语从句（用句子代替形容词等）
状语从句(adverbial clause)
一．状语要了解状语从句，首先要了解什么是状语
（1）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
The snow lasted a week, leading to a serious traffic jam in the whole area.
雪持续了一个星期，导致了整个地区的严重交通堵塞。（结果状语）
He earns a living driving a truck.
他靠开卡车谋取生计（方式状语）
（2）非谓语动词、介词短语、副词、从句能够组成状语
We worked hard, from sunrise to sunset.（介词短语作状语）
我们工作得很努力，从日出到日落。
Naturally, our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call.（副词作状语）
当然，我们的祖父母乐于接到我们的电话。
To help my disabled aunt, I spend an hour working in her house every day.（非谓语动词做状语）
为了帮助我残疾的阿姨，我每天花一小时在她的房子里。
Seen from a distance, the farmhouse looked deserted.（非谓语动词做状语）
从远处看，农舍显得空荡荡
I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.（从句做状语）
我知道如何点燃篝火，因为我曾经做过。（原因状语从句）
（3）本文主要讨论的就是当从句作为状语的情况即状语从句！
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。即1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句 3.原因状语从句 4.条件状语从句 5.目的状语从句 6.让步状语从句 7.比较状语从句 8.方式状语从句 9.结果状语从句这九大类
（记忆公式为：时间地点。原因结果。比较让步。条件目的方式有虚拟）
- 常用引导词：when（在…时）, as（当…时）, while（在…期间）, as soon as（一……就……）, before（在…之前）, after（在...之后）, since（自从...以来） , not...until（直到…才）until/till(直到…时）等
- 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant（ 瞬间，顷刻）, immediately , directly（不久，立即）, no sooner … than（一...就...）, hardly …when（刚一...就...） , scarcely … when（刚...就.../一...就...）,as soon as(一…就…)
I didn’t realize how rich my family was until I became an adult.
直到我长大成人，我才意识到我的家庭是多么的富有
While John was playing video game, his mother was cooking.
约翰在玩电子游戏时，他妈妈在做饭。
Hardly had i got home when the bell rang.
我一到家铃声就响了(倒装)
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每当我听取你的建议时，我就会惹上麻烦。
四．地点状语从句- 常用引导词：where
- 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般来说，有工厂的地方空气污染就严重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
无论你去哪里，你都应该努力工作。
You should have put the book where you found it.
你应该把书放回原来的地方。
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.
有海就有海员。
- 常用引导词：because, since, as,
- 特殊引导词：（既然、因为、由于）：seeing that, now that, in that,（鉴于、考虑到） considering that, given that.
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我的朋友都不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。
Seeing that it's raining hard, the fete will probably be cancelled.
因为雨下得很大，游园会很可能被取消。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
更高的收入税是有害的，因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。
She decided not to go picnicking, considering that the weather was uncertain.
鉴于天气变幻莫测，她决定不去野餐了。
Given that you tried your best, we decide to give you another chance.
鉴于你已经尽力了，我们决定再给你一次机会。
六、目的状语从句- 常用引导词：so that（因此）, in order that
- 特殊引导词：（以防）lest, in case, for fear that（为了）in the hope that, for the purpose of , to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。
He took his umbrella lest it should rain.
他带了雨伞以免下雨。
I got up early for fear that we would be late.
我起得早，以免我们迟到。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。
- 常用引导词：so … that, such … that, so that...
- 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
他很早起床以便赶上第一班公共汽车
Not only did sam pass the exam but got good marks for all the courses he had taken.
山姆不仅通过了考试，而且所有的课程都取得了好成绩
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
这是一个好机会，千万不能错过它
To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
他激动到这个程度，以至于他昨晚睡不着
八、条件状语从句- 常见引导词：if, unless,whether(whether...or not)
- 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case（美语中表条件，英语中表目的）, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果总统同意，我们将开始我们的项目
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
只要你继续努力，你一定会成功的。
- 常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
- 特殊引导词： as，though(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装，句子中表语、部分谓语动词或副词提前，构成倒装句)，while，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
As he is crazy about online games .ha manages to keep himself from being addicted to it.
Crazy as he is about online games .ha manages to keep himself from being addicted to it.
尽管他对网络游戏很着迷，但他还是设法不让自己沉迷其中(表语)
As he works hard.he make a little progress.
Hard as he works ,he make a little progress.
尽管他工作很努力，但还是收效甚微（副词）
Though you may object，i’ll go.
Object though you may，i’ll go.
尽管你可能反对，我也会（谓语动词）
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
老人都很喜欢游泳，即使天气很恶劣。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不论他如何努力，她都不会改变她的主意。
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
他不会听你说什么。
十、比较状语从句- 常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
- 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ， just as …，no … more than， not so much A as B，the 比较级..the 比较级。
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
她和她妈妈一样脾气很坏。
The house is three times as big as ours.
这房子是我们的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
你运动的越多，你就越健康。
- 常用引导词：as, as if
- 特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入国问禁，入乡随俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss.
她表现得好像她是老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时，我们用父母教导我们的方式教导我们的孩子。
注意点（1）时间状语从句和条件状语从句要遵循主将从现的时态原则
I will call you as soon as i arrive in Beijing.
我一到北京就给你打电话。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow , we will go hiking .
如果明天不下雨，我们就去远足
（2）no sooner ...than / hardly... when/scarely..when 刚一....就。Not until 直到....。so..that/such ..that 如此..以至于——置于句首，句子要倒装
So serious is the issue that people should pay more attention to it.
这个问题如此严重，人们应该给予更多的关注。
Not until i saw the score did i realize i hadn’t work hard.
知道看到成绩我才意识到我不够努力。
She had scarely opened the door when her son rushed up to her.
Scarely had she opened the door when her son rushed up to her.
她一打开门她儿子就冲了出来
I had hardly got home when the bell rang.
Hardly had i got home when the bell rang.
我一到家铃声就响了
（3）条件状语从句和目的状语从句以及方式状语从句遵守虚拟语气。
- so that、in order that、in case、for fear that、lest等表示以防、以便的词需要用虚拟语气。（目的状语从句）
- 形式为：so that、in order that、in case、for fear that、lest ＋ (should ) do
She took an unbrella with her in case/for fear that/lest it should rain.
他带伞以防下雨
- if only 要是...就好了 (条件状语从句)
If only I wasn’t going to London.
要是我没去过伦敦就好了（现在）
If only you had come to my birthday party.
你要是来了我的生日晚会就好了（过去）
If only she would try again.
我希望她能再试一次（将来）
- As if/though（方式状语从句）
He talks as if he knew where she was．
他说话的样子，好像他知道她在哪里似的（现在）
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before．
他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的（过去）
The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone．
那女孩一动也不动地倾听着，像已经变成了石头似的（过去）
He opened his mouth as if he would say something．
他张开嘴好像要说什么（将来）
It looks as if it might snow．
看来好像要下雪了 （将来）
（4）不用because..so, although...but
中文上我们习惯因为..所以，尽管..但是， 英文上没有这样的用法
Because he is ill,he can’t come.
因为他病了，所以他不能来
Although it is dangerous, but i will try.
尽管很危险，但我还是要去
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