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定语从句高考全国一卷
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考点聚焦
功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
例如：He is the man who studies in USA.
本句中涉及到三个概念：
1.先行词即 the man：被定语从句饰的词称为先行词
先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用
引导词分两类：关系代词和关系副词
关系代词：who;which;that;whose;whom
关系副词：when;where;why
3.从句即studies in USA.：引导词之后的句子。
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考点精讲
1. 关系代词 : who;which; that; whom; whose
其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况
(1) who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)
She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)
That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语)
(2) which:指代先行词是物（做从句的主语或宾语）
That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)
There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语)
(3) that: 指代先行词是人或物（做从句的主语或宾语）
She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)
There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语)
(4) whom;指代先行词是人，但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。
She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)
That is the man whom teaches us English.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的)
(5) whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况（表示所属关系）
That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是属于the building构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s)
2.关系副词：when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况即从句是个完整句)
(1) when:指代先行词表时间如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词 which)
I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子，先行词是the day在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即I came to Beijing on the day)
(2)where :指代先行词是地点的词如：place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词 which)
That is the place where/in which I was born .(该从句I was born也是一个完整句，即不缺主语或宾语的，此时where可以换成in which)
(3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即：reason（形式上只能是等于for which)
That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.
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非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
I still remember the day, when I came to Beijing.
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总结
定语从句三步法：
1. 找出先行词
2. 判断从句是不是完整句:
完整句考虑关系副词：when;where; why
不是完整句考虑关系代词：that;who;which;whom;whose
3. 选择合适的关系词
注意：
（1）定语从句中是没有引导词what;
（2）非限制性定语从句中无引导词that；
The house, that I bought last year, has a lovely garden.(错误)
改为The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.
（3）先行词做从句的宾语时，可省引导词
That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)可改为That is the book I want.
（4）在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
1．先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
2．先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
3．先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
4．先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
5．当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
（5）宜用which而不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
②在关系词前有介词时
③当先行词本身是that时
④当关系词离先行词较远时
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2015年—2019年全国卷语法专项
语法填空
1. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ___are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.（2015年全国1）
解析:本句中的从句是缺主语的，所以考虑关系代词，通过判断先行词是mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，表示物所以填that或which。
2. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _____ I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016年全国1)
解析:本句意思是我和熊猫的关联要追溯到20世纪80年代，那时我是第一个西方的记者。通过判断本句是个非限制性定语从句，而从句是完整句考虑关系副词，先行词是the 1980s，表示时间所以填when
3. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.（2016年全国3）
解析：一些人认为伟大的中国学者孔子，生活在公园前的551到479，影响了筷子的发展。本句的从句是缺主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是Chinese scholar Confucius，表示人，所以填who。
4. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.（2017年全国1）
解析：本题通过判断是考查非限制性定语从句，从句是缺主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是前面整个句子，表示个事件，填which。
5. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.（2017年全国3）
解析：Sarah和顶级模特已经参加了表演，想证明她有智慧和美丽。本句的从句是缺主语，先行词是Sarah，表示人，填who。
6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014________showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.（2018年全国1）
解析：两个评论家也做了研究，在2014年被发表，这项研究表明5到10分钟跑步可以减少心脏病和早死的风险。本句中的从句缺少主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是study，填that或which。
7. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.（2018年全国2）
解析：政府开始了一项土壤测试项目，这个项目对农民给出了具体的建议。本句中从句缺少主语考虑关系代词，先行词是program，填that或which。
8. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ____ she opened with her late husband Les.(2019年全国2)
解析：Irene Astbury每天在宠物店从9点到5点工作，她和她后来的丈夫创办的。本句考查的是非限制性定语从句，因为从句she opened后缺少宾语，考虑关系代词，先行词是shop，表示物，填which。
9. We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.（2019年全国3）
解析：这些狗都受到了主人的良好训练，并且这些狗主人在照顾动物上有丰富的经验。本句中从句是had great experience前没有主语，考虑关系代词，先行词是their masters，表示物，填who。
短文改错
1. In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.（2017年全国2）
解析：在空闲时间，他们在花园里种蔬菜很感兴趣，而这些花园是在他们的屋顶上。本句中定语从句that is on the rooftop of their house.前有个逗号，所以是非限制性定语从句，把that改为which
2. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.（2017年全国3）
解析：在照片中，我的周围是那时我生命中非常重要的东西：车刊和乐器。
本句的中的从句they were very important修饰the things来做定语，所以they改为which或that。
3. They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.（2018年全国1）
解析：他们有一小的池子，在那里他们可以喂养鱼。本句中的从句they raised fish.是个完整句，所以which改为where。
4. In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.(2019年全国3)
解析：在咖啡店，顾客们在有历史的氛围中玩得很开心，这个环境是为他们而建的。本句中从句what is created for them.是修饰environment，因为定语从句中没有引导词what，所以改为that或which。
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