考点一 which和as引导的非限制性定语从句
① which常用来指代前面的名词或整个句子的内容,一般情况下,用逗号把它与先行词隔开。先行词指代整个主句时,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
【考例1】 He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of _________ were published in the 1990s.
(2015重庆)
A. whom B. which
C. them D. that
解析:B。 which指代前文中提到的 children’s books。
【考例2】 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes
from the library last week, _________ my classmates recommended to me.
(2014北京)
A. who B. which
C. when D. where
解析:B。 先行词为the book Sherlock Holmes,从句中recommend后缺少宾语成分,故用关系代词which引导。
② as可以替代which的用法,且as还有下列用法:as从句可放到主句前面,此时从句谓语动词一般为be
announced/expected/known/reported/said/imagined/shown等被动形式;as也可与usually happened/be often the case等一起表示主句所表达的意思是一种习惯性或司空见惯的情况。
【考例1】 There is no simple answer, _________ is often the case in science.
(2013山东)
A. as B. that
C. when D. where
解析:A。as引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句,定语从句部分可译为“在科学上这是常有的事”。
【考例2】 _________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
(2013陕西)
A. It B. That
C. What D. As
解析:D。和其他孩子的常见情况一样,医生到来时艾米好多了。as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前,指代整个主句内容。
考点二 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词 关系代词”引导的定语从句,即把从句中的某一介词或介词短语提到关系代词前。
① 简单介词 关系代词
用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which;介词根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与其的固定搭配而定;或者根据先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。但是,某些含有介词的短语动词不能拆开,介词仍然放在动词之后。
【考例】 He may win the competition, _________ he is likely to get into the national team.
(2013辽宁)
A. in which case B. in that case
C. in what case D. in whose case
解析:A。 他可能会赢得这场比赛,如果这样的话,他就有可能进入国家队。此处which指代前面主句,in which case引导定语从句用来替代并列句中的in this/ that case。
② 表示部分的词语+of+关系代词
此时,指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有:代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, 数词(含基数词,序数词,分数和百分数);数词 名词;the 最高级/比较级,以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter等。有时也可把表示部分的词放在关系代词的后面。
【考例】 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
(2014天津)
A. all of which B. each of which
C. all of them D. each of them
解析:B。 each表示两者或两者以上中的每一个,which指代前文提到的cultures。
考点三 where引导的定语从句① 先行词为表示地点的名词时,如果从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用where,where在从句中充当地点状语。
【考例】 When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _________ I would be staying.
(2013全国卷II)
A. what B. when
C. where D. which
解析:C。定语从句中stay为不及物动词,且不缺主干成分,用关系副词;先行词为house,指地点,故用关系副词where。
② 近年高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂化,由明显的地点转为模糊的地点。当先行词是case, point, stage, situation, position, career, business, activity等表示某人、某物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面的名词,且定语从句中缺少状语时,常用where引导。
【考例1】 Sales director is a position _________ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
(2012重庆)
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
解析:D。句意:销售主管是一个既要求交际能力,又要求销售能力的职位。position为先行词,后面是其定语从句,关系词在从句中作的是地点状语。因此,应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。
【考例2】 He wrote a letter _________ he explained what had happened in the accident.
(2013江西)
A. what B. which
C. where D. how
解析:C。他写了一封信,在信中他解释了事故中发生的一切。本题中先行词在从句中作状语,表示“在信中”。
考点四 whose与“the 名词 of 关系代词”引导的定语从句① whose在从句中充当定语,既可修饰人也可修饰物。
【考例1】 The books on the desk, _________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
(2015四川)
A.which B. what
C. whose D. that
解析: C。whose限定covers,用形容词性的代词修饰。
【考例2】 I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _________ help I would never have got this far.
(2012天津)
A. who B. whose
C. whom D. which
解析:B。句意:我要感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助我不会有今天的成就。who不可放在介词后,help前缺少定语,故用whose修饰help。
② “the 名词 of 关系代词”结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose 名词”代替,非正式文体中可以用“of which the 名词”。
【考例】 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _________ had taken more than three years.
(2011江西)
A. for which B. with which
C. of which D. to which
解析:C。她带领客人参观了博物馆,博物馆的建造工程花费了三年多时间。先行词为museum, the construction of “……的建造”在从句中充当定语,介词用of。
考点五 关系代词与关系副词的辨析关系代词一般作从句的主语、宾语或表语,而关系副词一般作从句的状语(分别是地点、时间、原因状语)。
【考例1】 Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _________ they live. (2013四川)
A. what B. which
C. when D. where
解析:D。先行词为the environment,定语从句中live为不及物动词,不缺少主干成分,应填关系副词;且先行词environment指地点,故用where (in which)。
【考例2】 We live in an age _________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
(2012浙江)
A. why B. when
C. to whom D. on which
解析:B。我们生活在一个这样的时代,可以比以往更容易地得到更多有效的信息。when引导定语从句,在从句中作时间状语,修饰先行词an age(时代)。
考点六 定语从句设题的其他关注点① 定语从句中有插入语,具有干扰项,这增加了做题的难度。
② 分隔式定语从句,因先行词与从句被隔开,具有迷惑性,容易选错答案。
③ 定语从句与名词性从句、状语从句及强调句型等在一起混合使用,增加解题的难度。
④ 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
限制性定语从句删去后,句子明显不完整或很突兀,有时就像病句。非限制性定语从句对主句起到一个补充说明的作用。非限制性定语从句最明显的标志就是有“,”与主句或先行词隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不由that, why引导。
【考例1】Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.
(2012浙江)
A. which B. who
C. where D. whom
解析:B。艾伦是一个以鸟类和大自然为对象的画家,出于某种原因,她已经从所有人类活动中退出。who引导非限定性定语从句,在从句中作主语,指代先行词Ellen。
【考例2】 I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
(2011陕西)
A. which B. where
C. who D. that
解析:B。句意:我同朋友一起走到山顶,在那儿我们享受湖泊的美丽风景。先行词是top,在此处指地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。
【考例3】 The days are gone _________physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
(2011天津)
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
解析:A。句意:体力是你赖以生存的唯一手段的日子已经一去不复返了。修饰先行词days的关系词在从句中充当时间状语,故用when引导分隔式定语从句。
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