先看2016年英语专业四级考试真题的一道单选题,题目如下:The police department came under
strong criticism for both the death of
an unarmed man and its handling of the _________ .
A. consequence B. outcome
C. result D. aftermath
这四个词都可以表示结果,我们来看一下
它们的区别。
1. consequence
•Consequence is used most frequently to talk about possible negative results of an action. It is commonly used with such words as adverse , dire , disastrous ,
fatal , harmful , negative , serious , tragic and unfortunate .
Even when there is no adjective, consequence often suggests negative results.
•consequence最常用以指可能产生的负面结果,常与adverse、dire、disastrous、
fatal、harmful、negative、serious、tragic、unfortunate等词连用。
即使没有形容词修饰,consequence也常含负面结果之意。
看上图BBC新闻中的例子,比如unintended consequence指意外后果, as a consequence of exposure to asbestos fibres指由于接触石棉纤维,造成肺癌lung cancer, a consequence of sin and evil指罪与恶的结果,这些例子中,consequence 都带有负面结果的语义韵。
2. outcome
•the result of an action or process 指行动或过程的结果、效果:
•We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.
我们在等待谈判的最终结果。
outcome 是由动词短语 come out 转化而来,常用于谈及行动或过程可能会产生的结果。
比如,看上图的BBC新闻,False rumours to influence election outcome, eclection outcome就是指选举结果,选举是一个过程。
3.result
a thing that is caused or produced by sth else
指后果、结果,含义广泛,指直接结果,强调因果关系,
比如:
•She died as a result of her injuries.
她由于受伤而死亡。
在这个例子中,injuries(cause) 导致 death (result)
又比如:
•He made a big mistake, and as a result, he lost his job.
•His mistake resulted in losing his job.
•他犯了个大错,结果丢了工作。
错误是导致他丢工作的直接原因。
我们常用的和result相关的短语 例如:as a result, result in, result from等,result 强调的都是因果关系。
佛家曰:世无无因之果,亦无无果之因。种什么因,就结什么果,这就是因果关系。
4. aftermath n.后果;余波
(战争、事故、不快事情的)后果,创伤 the situation that exists as a result of an important (and usually unpleasant) event, especially a war, an accident, etc.
•A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.
•战后进行了大量的重建工作。
•This old gentleman is to deal with the aftermath of the traffic accident.
•这位老先生负责处理这次车祸的善后工作。
•The aftermath of war is hunger and
disease.
•战争的后果是饥饿与疾病。
大家知道,4月26日下午,巴基斯坦卡拉奇大学孔子学院班车在校内遭遇自杀式恐怖袭击。目前已造成3名中方教师遇难,1名中方教师受伤,另有多名巴方人员伤亡。
外交部发言人就卡拉奇大学孔子学院班车遭遇恐怖袭击答记者问:中国外交部和中国驻巴使领馆将继续敦促巴基斯坦相关部门做好善后和受伤人员救治工作,坚决打击涉案恐怖组织。
相关英文报道中有这样一句话
He urged Pakistani authorities to "deal with the aftermath" and "resolutely fight against terrorist organisations involved in the case".
他敦促巴方“做好善后工作”,并“坚决打击涉案的恐怖组织”。
在这里,善后工作用的也是aftermath.
我在当代美语语料库(Corpus of Contemporary American English)中找了一些和aftermath相关的例子,大家可以看一下,和aftermath连用的名词往往都是事故、灾难等名词。
aftermath of the storm (暴风雨)
the aftermath of the big crash (撞车)
In the aftermath of this incident(事故)
in the aftermath of the 1889 devastating flood (洪水)
the aftermath of this chaos (动乱)
the aftermath of this ongoing battle (战斗)
aftermath of the tornadoes (龙卷风))
aftermath of suicide bombings (自杀式袭击)
aftermath of a natural disaster (自然灾害)
大家可以想一想aftermath这个词的构成,after表示在...之后,math是数学,其实这些自然灾害或者事故之后的善后处理就是涉及到钱,不管是灾后重建或者对事故后续处理,都要有钱不是,和钱相关就要算账,肯定和算数(math)有关,善后处理需要用算数算钱,这样解释,就非常形象了,大家也一定能深刻理解这个词的意思了。
咱们再看这道题,大家现在应该清楚了,选D, aftermath, 指善后工作。
The police department came under
strong criticism for both the death of
an unarmed man and its handling of the _________ .
A. consequence B. outcome
C. result D. aftermath
,