本文先介绍摘要的基本要求和常见结构,接着分享包含10个好的摘要举例的资源,最后给出摘要的基本句型。

1.摘要的基本要求和常见结构

2.资源分享:10份写得好的摘要

3.摘要的基本句型

1、摘要的基本要求和常见结构

一般而言,摘要需要突出全文的五个要素,这五个要素分别是问题陈述、动机、方法、结果和结论(Koopman,1997)。

a.问题陈述:对要解决的问题进行概括,适当突出问题的重要性和目前存在的不足。b.动机:指出具体研究什么内容,该研究内容是问题陈述中声明的问题的一个子集。必要时给出研究目标。

c.方法:简要介绍为得到研究结果所采取的研究方法。

d.结果:概述论文得到的最重要的研究结果,如重要数据、规律和发现等。

e.结论:研究结果有什么含义、影响和意义。

以下是摘要的一些基本要求:a.长度要求:不同期刊对摘要的长度规定不一样,但如果摘要是一页的三分之一左右,那么显得有种美观的感觉。

b.五要素的权重:看哪些要素重要。如果问题重要,突出问题;如果方法重要,突出方法;如果某条结果重要,突出结果;如果结论重要,那么突出结论。如果某个要素完全不重要,那么可以不出现。

c.结果的介绍:尽可能给出最具体的甚至量化到最后一级的结果。例如,“不一样”比“高、低、强、弱”差一些,“高、低、强、弱”比“高多少、低多少、强多少、弱多少”差一些。

d.结论的介绍:结论除交代解决了什么问题外,可适当总结出对本领域科学家甚至更宽阔的领域而言你的研究结果的通用价值。这对于需要将影响力辐射到其它学科读者的论文尤其重要。

e.其它要求:摘要是全文的一个简介,应尽可能简短;摘要是独立阅读的文本(可能单独出现在检索系统和公告中),不能包含需要翻阅全文才能理解的符号和编号,因此不允许按编号引用章节、图表、公式和参考文献等;摘要用于吸引更多的读者,是给没有看全文的人看的,因此摘要要求通俗易懂,尽量避免行话。

哈特利(Hartley 2010)针对学位论文的摘要指出,常见的摘要有四种基本结构:(1)以五要素为纲领的结构,(2)三段结构,(3)四段结构和(4)自由结构。实际上,期刊论文的摘要也可以是这四种基本结构之一。

(1)以五要素为纲领的结构

大多数论文的具体写作采用了背景、动机、方法、结果和结论的单向思路,因此在摘要中适合按顺序交代问题陈述、动机(目标)、方法、结果和结论五个要素。

(2)三段结构

有的论文工作的意义比较明显,不需要另外强调结论,摘要可使用三段结构,分别介绍(1)为什么要做这份工作、(2)这份工作做了什么、(3)这份工作给出的结果是什么。其中,第一段其实包含了问题陈述中的背景、目标和一部分结论(即意义)。第二段包含了动机、方法和解决的具体问题。第三部分包含了有价值的结果。

(3)四段结构

有一些学科,如人文科学,可能不需要问题陈述。此时,可以分成四段,分别是(1)这份工作做了什么、(2)这份工作是如何做的、(3)采用的资料或方法是什么、(4)这份工作的结论是什么?

由于这类工作的结果主要用于形成结论,结果本身可表述性不强,因此往往在摘要中不给出具体结果。

(4)自由结构

一些论文强调解决了几个不同的问题。此时,在介绍完问题陈述和总的动机后,接下来可以分成几部分,分别针对每个子问题做了什么、得到了什么进行介绍。如果针对每个问题有各自的方法、结果和结论,可以将三个要素结合起来介绍(有时还需要将小动机放在前面)。即使这样,最后还可以给出总的结论。

有的期刊则对摘要的结构进行了规定。例如,期刊《Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education》就要求摘要分成目的、方法、发现(即结果)、不足/意义、实际应用和原创价值等几个部分。图1是该期刊上Mohamed等人(2020)的论文摘要。

论文摘要关键词怎么写(论文摘要的基本句型)(1)

图1 规定了结构的摘要

2、资源分享:10份写得好的摘要

据Kibin网站介绍,苏珊·米内兹(Susan M. Inez 2017)是一名英语教授和写作能手,来自美国东北部。除了英语教育学士学位、写作硕士学位和教育硕士学位外,苏珊还拥有20年教授写作、专业写作、文学等课程的经验。她还担任了两年的校园写作中心的联合主任。

她从各类期刊论文遴选出了10篇让人获益匪浅的摘要,除了给出摘要来源、摘要本身外,还对每篇摘要的优点给出了评价。详细信息见以下链接:https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/10-good-abstract-examples/

以第一份摘要为例,其原文和译文如下:

第一份摘要

This study explored the pattern of video game usage and video game addiction among male college students and examined how video game addiction was related to expectations of college engagement, college grade point average (GPA), and on-campus drug and alcohol violations. Participants were 477 male, first year students at a liberal arts college. In the week before the start of classes, participants were given two surveys: one of expected college engagement, and the second of video game usage, including a measure of video game addiction. Results suggested that video game addiction is (a) negatively correlated with expected college engagement, (b) negatively correlated with college GPA, even when controlling for high school GPA, and (c) negatively correlated with drug and alcohol violations that occurred during the first year in college. Results are discussed in terms of implications for male students’ engagement and success in college, and in terms of the construct validity of video game addiction.

本研究探讨了大学男生使用视频游戏和视频游戏成瘾的模式,并考察了视频游戏成瘾与大学参与预期、大学平均成绩(GPA)以及校园内吸毒和酗酒的关系。参与者是477名文科学院一年级的男生。在上课前的一周,参与者接受了两项调查:一项是预期的大学参与度,另一项是视频游戏使用情况,包括对视频游戏上瘾程度的测量。结果表明,电子游戏成瘾(a)与预期的大学投入呈负相关,(b)与大学平均成绩呈负相关,即使高中平均成绩因素被考虑进去,(c)与大学第一年发生的吸毒和酗酒呈负相关。我们从对男生在大学的参与度和成功的影响角度讨论研究结果的含义,也从电子游戏成瘾的结构效度讨论了研究结果的含义。

米内兹指出,这份摘要有几点值得注意:

这篇摘要没有具体说明为什么这个问题值得研究,尽管它暗示了这项研究的重点是成瘾。

此外,这份摘要并没有公开说明其中的含义。它只是说,文章讨论了一些含义。

虽然在大多数情况下,简要总结研究结果更好,但有时不可能只用几个句子来总结所有信息。如果是这样的话,最好像这篇摘要那样,只指出会在论文中讨论结果的含义。

关于其它九份摘要及其特点的介绍,请从以上链接进入阅读原文。

3、摘要的基本句型

这里针对摘要的每一个要素,分别给出一些我们从各种文献搜集到的句型。

句型举例中, A代表作者, C代表特征,D代表领域或方向,E代表某个解释或定义, M代表方法,P代表问题, R代表原因,X代表现象、规律等,O代表其他。对应的小写字母则代表子类或细分,例如,d代表D中的细分方向。摘要举例取自Schwieterman等人的文章。

1)问题陈述常见句型

a.X is defined as E, and this problem is important for (or key issue in) D. Though much work has been done concerning P, the related questions about p are little addressed (or not considered, or not thoroughly considered). Understanding these questions is of primary importance (or significant ) in d.

b.P is a hotly studied topic due to the widespread recongnization of the importance of this problem in D. Unfortunaturely, the p of P is little addressed (or not considered) due to the lack of (or owing to or for reason of) R.

c.p is an important component in P and plays a key role in d.

d.R is the leading cause of X frequently observed in p.

e.M is among the most widely used methods and

f.X is a well-known phenomenon characterized by C.

g.The issue of p in P has received considerable attentions because of its importance in D.

h.p is an increasingly important issue in D.

举例

The habitable zone (HZ) is commonly defined as the range of distances from a host star within which liquid water, a key requirement for life, may exist on a planet’s surface. Substantially more CO2 than present in Earth’s modern atmosphere is required to maintain clement temperatures for most of the HZ, with several bars required at the outer edge. However, most complex aerobic life on Earth is limited by CO2 concentrations of just fractions of a bar. At the same time, most exoplanets in the traditional HZ reside in proximity to M dwarfs, which are more numerous than Sun-like G dwarfs but are predicted to promote greater abundances of gases that can be toxic in the atmospheres of orbiting planets, such as carbon monoxide (CO).

可居住区(HZ)通常被定义为作为生命的一个关键要素的液态水可以存在于行星表面的离宿主恒星的距离范围。对于大多数可居住区,为了维持温和的温度,要求二氧化碳比地球现代大气中的二氧化碳多得多, 且在外边缘有几个巴的气压。然而,地球上最复杂的有氧生命受几分之一巴的二氧化碳浓度的限制。与此同时,位于传统宜居带的大多数系外行星都位于M矮星附近,这种矮星比类太阳的G矮星数量更多,但据预测这会使在轨行星大气中更富有一氧化碳等有毒气体。

2)动机常见句型

a.Here we show (or demonstrtae) that X .

b.This study aims to elucidate R of X observed in p.

c.The main objective/goal/purpose of the paper/article is to introduce a M (or elucidate R or explain the cause of X).

d.Here (or in this paper) we study (or address or consider) p (or X or M).

e.p (or X or M) is considered in this paper.

f.This paper is concerned with p (or X or M).

g.The paper/article discusses (or deals with, analyses, considers, explains, describes, establishes a method for, aims on, offer a solution to) p (or X or M).

h.This paper develops M (presents M, provides M, studies X, contains R, concentrates on R)

i.This paper gives (or aims to give ) a comprehensive account of R.

j.This paper presents a novel M for R that exists in p of P.

举例

Here we show that the HZ for complex aerobic life is likely limited relative to that for microbial life.

在这里,我们指明,相对于微生物生命,适应于复杂有氧生命的宜居带(数目)可能受限。

3)方法常见句型

a.We use the method M for p and this method has the properties of C.

b.M is used in this paper.

c.Systematic M (experiments or numerical simulation or case studies or surveys or theoretical analyses ) are performed with

d.To solve p (or to reveal X) , a method based on m is proposed here and this method is capable of .

e.We build M for X and this method is updated from the method of A through introducing m to increase the accurary (or robustness or parameter range).

举例

We use a 1D radiative-convective climate and photochemical models to circumscribe a Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) based on known toxicity limits for a range of organisms as a proof of concept..

我们使用1D辐射对流气候和光化学模型,根据一系列生物的已知毒性极限,划定复杂生命可居住区,以作为(我们提出的)概念的证明。

4)结果常见句型

a.We find that for ...

b.One of the important results is that x1, another one is that x2.

c.The results are X.

d.We obtain the results of or that X

e.It is demonstrated that R is the reason of x.

f.According to this study, X.

g.Interestingly (or Surprisingly), R was shown (found) to have important impact on p.

h.The most striking observation from the data was

i.The most striking finding of this study was

j.The x1 and x2 are here found to be dependent on

举例

We find that for CO2 tolerances of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 bar, the HZCL is only 21%, 32%, and 50% as wide as the conventional HZ for a Sun-like star, and that CO concentrations may limit some complex life throughout the entire HZ of the coolest M dwarfs.

我们发现,对于气压为0.01、0.1和1巴的二氧化碳容差,复杂生命宜居带的宽度仅为类太阳恒星常规宜居带的21%、32%和50%,并且CO2浓度可能会限制最冷的M矮星整个宜居带的某些复杂生命。

5)结论常见句型

a.These results cast new light on (or have important ramifications for ) p.

b.The present study bridges the gap between p1 and p2.

c.The present study establishes a link between x1 and x2.

d.This study closes up a long debate about R.

e.The conclusion of this study is that

f.The result obtained by this study can be used to (or applied to)

g.This study opens up a new field (or issue) in P.

h.This study not only solves the challenging problem of P but also offers a method that can be used to solve other problems such as p1 and p2.

举例These results cast new light on the likely distribution of complex life in the universe and have important ramifications for the search for exoplanet biosignatures and technosignatures..

这些结果给宇宙中复杂生命的分布带来新的见解,且对寻找外行星生物特征和技术特征有重要延伸意义

,