定语从句
一、定语从句中只能用that 引导的情况
1．当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等词时。
Everything that he said was true.
2.当先行词被the very（恰恰，正好）, the only，any，few，little，no，all修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.
The only thing that is constant is change.
There was little that we could do to help her.
3．当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen.
4. 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
What is the first American film that you have seen?
5．当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6．当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
7．先行词在定语从句中做表语,而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
He is not the man (that) he seems.
二、定语从句中只能用which引导的情况
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .
More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which .
What's that which she is looking at?
三、定语从句中只能用who引导的情况
在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who,而不能用that。
(1) 先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
(2) 先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
(4) 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
(5) 在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
There are many old men who are against this plan.
练习
填空
1. Here are the most important ones _____33_____ are often mentioned by successful salespeople.
2. He talked a lot about things and persons _______they remembered in the school.
3. This is one of the best films _______ have been shown this year.
4. I'm interested in all ______you have said.
5. Who is the man ______ is making a speech?
6. Anyone who laughs last laughs best.
That, that, that, that, that
选择
1. Who _____ has common sense（常识） will do such a thing？
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
2. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. that B. those C. which D. what
3. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
4. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
翻译：
1. 我已完成了他让我做的一切。
2. 他解答出我所见过最难的题目。
3. 我需要同你一样的字典。
4. 他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。
5. 我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。
I have done all that he told us to do.
He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen.
I need the same dictionary that you have.
He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.
I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.
Who is the man that you spoke to just now?
四、“介词 关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
A The school (which/that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
B Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which/that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
C This is the boy (whom/who/that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.
D The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
注意：
1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. (正)
This is the watch for which I am looking. (误)
The babies (whom/who/that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
2. 介词后的关系代词不可用that和who，若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom指物时只可用which；关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)
The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
3. “介词 关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.
4. 关系代词前介词的确定:
1) 根据先行词的习惯搭配
They’ll never forget July 1 on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland.
1992 is the year in which you were born.
2) 根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配
The school to which I was sent was very large.
Hong Kong is the city from which he comes.
3) 根据定语从句的意义
Wu Song was the man by whom the tiger was shot.
注意：
①They stood at the window，from ________ they could see what was happening in the street.
②The book was written in 1946，since ________ the education system has witnessed great changes.
【答案】①where ②when
练习
选择
1. For me, Gone with the Wind is a very happy discovery, _____ I shall return frequently.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
2. The house________ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum.
A. which B. that C. in which D. there
介词填空
3. I disagree with the facts ______ which your argument is based.
4. The song, ______ which he was interested, will never be heard again.
5. This is the reason ______ which he often comes to school late.
6. I will never forget the way ______ which my teacher taught me.
7. This is the hero ______ whom we are proud.
8. I want to find the very pen ______ which I wrote that letter.
9. They are the students ______ whom our teachers are thinking highly.
10. It is important to choose good friends ______ whom you can share your feelings and thoughts.
11. It will not be necessary to name the person ______ whom the card belongs.
12. I would always like to do business with those people ________ whom I can rely.
语法填空
13. The age (37)____ ____ the average woman has her first baby is now 28 in Western Europe, and it is getting later.
14. Teachers face a big challenge in such a situation. When they enter a classroom (36)______ ______ most of the students do not want to be there and do not want to study, how can they teach?
15. “What we wear and how we wear our clothes is all part and parcel of the way (30)_____ _____we communicate with each other.” She told the BBC.
16. Wherever he went, he carried a notebook around with him, (37)______ ______ he wrote down his ideas.
答案：
1-2 C C
3.On 4.in 5.for 6.in 7.of 8.with 9.of 10.with 11.to 12.on
13. At which 14. In which 15. In which 16. On which
五、 定语从句中含有插入语
定语从句和先行词之间常常会有I think，you know，I believe，I thought 等插入语。做此类题目时，我们要先去除插入语，再选择正确的关系词。
完成下列句子：
①This is the school ________ you know I once studied.
②I picked up a man ________ I thought was honest.
＝I picked up a man ________ I thought to be honest.
③He made a discovery，________(我认为) is very important.
【答案】①where ②who；that/who/whom/不填 ③which I think
六、找准先行词
一般说来，定语从句是跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，但有时也会出现先行词和定语从句被一个词或一个短语所分隔，或者谓语太短等情况，这时我们要根据定语从句的句意判断哪一个词是先行词。
①I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ______I met in the English speech contest last year.
②She'll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
③The days are gone ________ we used the foreign oil.
1. There was a time in my life ________ I hated to go to school because I didn't get on well with my classmates.
A. that B. when C. what D. which
2. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ________ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which B. where C. when D. as
【答案】①whom/who ②when ③when
七、way和time后接定语从句的情况
1. What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
3. This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
4. This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
注意：
1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2．先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。
八、有one of 的定语从句
定语从句先行词有one of 修饰时从句谓语动词用复数，用the only one of才用单数。
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
①John is the only one of the students who ____ French．
②John is one of the students who ____ French．
A．know B．knows C．knowing D．known
九、综合练习
单选
1. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them
2. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.
A. which B. when C. as D. where
3. Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
4. The exact year ________ Angola and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
5. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，________ made one of the Chinese people's long－held dreams come true.
A. it B. that C. what D. which
6. ________ is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
A. It B. That C. What D. As
7. After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
8. Do you know the man ________？
A. whom I spoke B. to who I spoke
C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
9. I am very grateful to my high school teachers，without ________ help I wouldn't be so excellent.
A. whom B. them C. which D. whose
10. —Where did you meet him while in Beijing?
—It was in the hotel ________ I stayed.
A. that B. which
C. when D. where
11. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China's vast countryside.
A. as B. when C. until D. before
12. He talked a lot about things and persons ________ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
13. Her sister has become a lawyer，________ she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
14. I'm told that languagepractising.com is a free website ________ learners can not just learn various languages but also chat online.
A. where B. which C. that D. what
15. The way ________ he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D. /
16. By serving others，a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself，________ can be very eye－opening and rewarding.
A. who B. that C. which D. what
17. My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble，________ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
18. He's got himself into a dangerous situation ________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
19. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can't be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
A. where B. when C. that D. what
20. The manager had to go to Beijing on business on June 23，________ happened to be his only son's birthday.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
21. The picture often reminds me of the happy hours time and again ________ I was playing happily with my friends during the holidays.
A. how B. that C. when D. where
22. Nowadays teenagers like to go to fast food restaurants，________ serve junk food.
A. which B. who C. what D. where
23. Is this research centre ________ you visited the modern equipment last year?
A. which B. that C. the one where D. the one that
24. Women ________ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don't.
A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /
25. The volunteers paid a visit to all the senior citizens in the community，most of ________ are aged from 70 to over 90 years old.
A. whom B. those C. them D. which
26. That evening, ________ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
填空
①He told us all ________ had happened.
②This is the most interesting film________ I have ever seen.
③This is the first place ________ we visited yesterday.
This is the first place ________ we worked.
④This is the only plant ________ grows in the area.
The earth is unlikely to be the only planet ________ life has developed gradually.
⑤The glasses without ________ he couldn't see clearly were lost.
⑥I said nothing，________ made him angry.
【答案】①that ②that/不填 ③that/不填；where ④that；where ⑤which ⑥which
翻译
1. 她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。
She is the beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？
2. 你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？
The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.
=The bike the tyre of which was damaged has now been repaired 那辆坏了轮胎自行车现在已经修好了。
Do you know the reason for which he is going to marry you? Do you know the reason why he is going to marry you?
He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .
3. 我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。
I will never forget the autumn when I studied and lived with you. I will never forget the autumn in which I studied and lived with you.
4. 他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。
He gets up early，as is always his habit. 他总是早起床，这是他的习惯。
5. 环境教育给人们提供了一个舞台，在此， 这一系列的技术在很大程度上给人们带来了大量的便利，这对富人和穷人来说都必不可少。
Environmental education offers an arena in which a range of technology has brought an abundance of conveniences, which is essential for the wealthy and the needy.
十、 阅读训练
(A)
A 63-year-old man who hasn't slept for more than two decades has been told there is nothing wrong with him by doctors.
①Ukrainian Fyodor Nesterchuk from the town of Kamen-Kashirsky said the last time he managed to sleep was more than two decades ago.
②"I can't remember the exact date and I don't know why it started, but all of a sudden I found it more and more difficult to nod off until eventually I was awake the entire night. I used to read boring scientific magazines in the hope that they would send me to sleep. ③But as soon as I felt my eyes getting closed and put the magazine down, I would find myself wide awake again.④ I thought it would just be a period of time but it has gone on for over two decades now and I've simply had to get used to it. Now when everyone else sleeps I get stuck into a good book," said Nesterchuk.
All attempts by doctors to put him to sleep have failed. Local doctor Fyodor Koshel who has examined Nesterchuk extensively and has been unable to make him fall asleep, said he has no idea of the cause of the insomnia and added medically there is nothing wrong with him. "We have no idea why he can't sleep, maybe it's the result of a past illness. But in terms of medical science, he's not in any pain and so there isn't anything actually wrong with him," said Dr Koshel.
练习一：
65. What is special about Nesterchuk?
A. He hasn’t slept for more than two decades and is quite weak now.
B. Only doctors can make him sleep with the help of medicines.
C. He hasn’t slept for over 20 years but he is still healthy.
D. He hasn’t slept for over 2 years and he is worried about himself.
66. The underlined word “insomnia” in the last paragraph probably means _________.
A. tiredness B. sleeplessness C. worry D. disappointment
67. Which of the following is TRUE about Nesterchuk’s failing to sleep?
A. Only Nesterchuk himself knows why it started.
B. No one is sure about why it started.
C. It must have been a past illness that caused it.
D. With medical analysis, his doctor knows how it started.
68. In which section of a newspaper are you most likely to find this passage?
A. Front Page B. Entertainment C. Education D. Life
练习二：划分句子成分
①②③④
练习三：语法填空
1. A 63-year-old man ______who hasn't slept for more than two decades has been told there is nothing wrong with him by doctors.
2. I can't remember the exact date ________ it started
3. All of a sudden I found it more and more difficult ________to nod off until eventually I was awake the entire night.
4. Local doctor Fyodor Koshel ________who has examined Nesterchuk extensively and has been unable to make him fall asleep, said he has no idea of the cause of the insomnia
Who, when, to nod, who
练习四：生词学习
entire, stick, attempt, eventually, extensively
(B)
How the Grand Canyon was created remains one of the geology’s greatest mysteries. Some evidence suggests that the process was a gradual one in which the Colorado River (which runs through the canyon) slowly cut deeper and deeper into the ground over millions of years. But volcanic(火山的) rock samples taken from the canyon(峡谷) now suggest that the canyon was downcut instead.
Downcutting is when a flood of water rushes over a landscape with enough force to cut deeply into the ground and leaves behind a canyon. Such a flood is usually released when a natural or artificial dam bursts.
Robert Webb, a research geologist with U.S. Geological Survey, says natural dams seem to have formed and broken across the Colorado River several times during the last million years. The dams were built when lava(熔岩) from the eruptions(爆发) of nearby volcanoes flowed into the river. The lava hardened into hard rocks and blocked the river, causing it to back up and form a lake. Each time the lake grew so huge that it broke the rock dam, releasing a flash flood that furthered the downcutting process and deepened the canyon. The most recent dam break happened 165,000 years ago, says Webb, and released 15 million cubic(立方) feet of water per second.
Downcutting is not just an earthly event. Satellite photos sent back from Mars (a planet) suggest that the process has happened there, too, say researchers at the National Air and Space Museum.
The photos, taken by the Mars Global Surveyor, indicate that an enormous lake existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago. The lake, which was big enough to flood Texas and California, eventually spilled into a large nearby hole. One edge of the hole broke, releasing a flash flood that quickly carved out a grand canyon about 2,100 meters deep and 885 kilometers long. Astronauts call the canyon MA’adim Vallis.
The existence of downcutting on Mars is just one more piece of evidence that the cold, dry planet was once warm and wet.
练习一：
72. In the past, deep canyons were believed to have formed ___________.
A. as a result of a sudden break of volcanoes
B. due to river flows over millions of years
C. owing to the collapse of artificial dams
D. thanks to our ancestors’ creative work
73. From the passage we can guess that ___________.
A. several volcanoes broke out in the Colorado River
B. several great lakes existed on the upper parts of the Colorado River
C. people built high dams on the upper parts of the Colorado River
D. the Colorado River crossed the Grand Canyon millions of years ago
74. From the last three paragraphs we learn that __________.
A. there are great lakes on Mars
B. there are active volcanoes on Mars
C. there might be cities on Mars
D. there might be life on Mars
75. The passage can be titled as _________.
A. Lakes on Earth and Mars
B. The Cause of Lake Formation
C. The Force of Dam Breaking
D. Canyons—Results of Flood Cutting
练习二：划分句子成分
练习三：语法填空
1. Some evidence suggests that the process was a gradual one _______ which the Colorado River (which runs through the canyon) slowly cut deeper and deeper into the ground over millions of years.
2. Each time the lake grew so huge_______ it broke the rock dam, releasing a flash flood that furthered the downcutting process and deepened the canyon.
3. The lake, _______ was big enough to flood Texas and California, eventually spilled into a large nearby hole.
4. One edge of the hole broke, releasing a flash flood_______ quickly carved out a grand canyon about 2,100 meters deep and 885 kilometers long.
In, that, which, that
练习四：生词学习
evidence, release, form, further, deepen, indicate
,
