人称代词是指直接指代人或者事物的代词。在英语和汉语中都有三种人称代词即:
第一人称(我;我们),第二人称(你;你们),第三人称(他、她、它;他们、她们、它们)。根据人称代词在句中所充当的成分可以分为主格人称代词、宾格人称代词。另外,人称代词有单复数之分,特别是第二人称单复数写法都是一致的,实际翻译时应当注意。通用的第三人称代词"其"与"之"可泛指人、事、物,涵盖"他""她""它""他们""她们""它们"。
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常,人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化,也应能加以分析,确定选用哪种形式。例如:
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如:
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类:
① 形容词性的,如my, her, your, their等;
② 名词性的,如mine,hers,yours,theirs等。由于受汉语影响,我们常犯以下两种错误:
1) 漏用代词,主要是形容词性的物主代词,因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如:
I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)
2) 误用代词,混淆两种类型的物主代词,因为汉语中无此区别。例如:
That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)
注意:形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语,必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name? I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如:
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)
You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如:
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词 副词”构成时,代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间,名词则不受此限制。如:
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词 介词”构成的介词动词,代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如:
He's been looking for them all this morning.
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