介词by的几种用法
介词是一个经常使用的介词，在英语中很多场景和上下文中都会见到。本文总结一下by的用法。
“by” place
含义是: beside, at the side of, next to, close to （在旁边，靠近），例如：
- The house is by a river.
- David lives by a train station.
- I would love to live in a house by the sea.
“by” method of transport
这种结构表示如何乘交通工具到某处。
by train
car
boat
plane
taxi
bus
coach
例如:
- David went to Manchester by train.
- I go to work by car.
- My parents often go to France by boat.
- Our children have never travelled by plane before.
“by” method of communication
这种结构表示如何与某人沟通。
by telephone
post
fax
例如:
- I spoke to her by telephone.
- I will send you the invoice by post.
- Please confirm the order by email.
“by” method of payment
这种结构表达如何支付，购买某物。.
by credit card
cheque
例如:
- We paid for the computer by cheque.
- Can I pay by credit card?
注意现金支付用介词 “in”:
- David paid in cash for the newspaper.
在口语中in可以省略:
- David paid cash for the newspaper.
“by” 与被动语态
在被动语态中by用于执行动作的人，我们先看主动语态的句子:
- David is cleaning the kitchen.
在上面的句子中，David是句中的主语，当把这个句子变成被动语态时：
- The kitchen is being cleaned by David.
下面是更多的例子:
- Sarah wrote the book. (主动)The book was written by Sarah. (被动
- Our school organized the concert. (主动)The concert was organized by our school. (被动)
“by” 反身代词
by myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
这种结构意思是独立做某事.
例如:
- I enjoy reading by myself.
- Sarah is studying by herself.
- Let’s do something by ourselves.
- My parents often go on holiday by themselves.
“by” 动名词
这种结构表示如何做某事。
例如:
- You can turn on the radio by pressing that button.
- His mother made a living by looking after babies for others.
“by” 时间的表达方式
这种结构的含义是: not later than（不晚于）; before or at a particular time（在特定的时间前）。
这种结构用于某件事的最后期限。
例如:
- Guests must vacate their hotel rooms by 11 am.
- Please send us the payment by tomorrow.
- Students must enroll by the end of June.
