复习笔记
本章要点：
1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study
语言学的定义和研究的范围
2. Important distinctions in Linguistics
语言学的一些重要区分
3. The definition and the design features of language
语言的定义与识别特征
4. Functions of language
语言的功能
本章考点：
1. 有关语言学的常考考点
语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2. 有关语言的常考考点
语言的定义；语言的识别特征(任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递)；语言的功能。
本章内容索引：
I. The definition of linguistics
II. The scope of linguistics
1. Micro-linguistics
2. Macro-linguistics
III. Some important distinctions in linguistics
1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic
3. Speech vs. Writing
4. Langue vs. Parole
5. Competence vs. Performance
6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics
IV. The definition of language
V. The design features of language
1. Arbitrariness
2. Productivity
3. Duality
4. Displacement
5. Cultural Transmission
6. Interchangeability
VI. Functions of language
1. Main functions
2. Basic functions
3. Macrofuntions
I. The definition of linguistics（语言学的定义）
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
语言学通常被定义为对语言进行科学性研究的学科。
它之所以是一种科学研究，是因为它是以对语言学数据的系统调研为基础，以语言结构的某种普遍理论为参照展开研究的。
II. The scope of linguistics（语言学的研究范畴）
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
作为整体而言的语言研究通常被称为普通语言学。
1. Micro-linguistics (from the core of linguistics) （微观语言学）
Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
Phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
Morphology: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
Syntax: the study of the rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.
Semantics: the study of meaning.
Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of language use.
语音学：对语言交际中所使用的语音的研究。
音系学：对在交际中语音是如何被组合在一起、如何用来传递意义等问题的研究。
形态学：对于语言符号的排列方式和构词的组合方式的研究。
句法学：对支配构成语法所允许的句子的单词的组合的规则的研究。
语义学：对于意义的研究。
语用学：对具体语境中语言的意义的研究。
2. Macro-linguistics (from the relation with other fields)（宏观语言学）
Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.
Applied linguistics: The study of the applications of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly, it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
社会语言学：对语言的所有社会层面以及它与社会的关系的研究。
心理语言学：对语言及它与心理的关系的研究。
应用语言学：对应用语言解决实际问题的研究，如用于恢复言语等。从狭义上来讲，应用语言学指的是将语言学理论和原则应用于语言教学中，尤其是外语和第二语言教学。
考研真题精选
一、选择题
1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）
A. meaning
B. word class
C. form
D. speech sound
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。曲折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。也即曲折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。
2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015年）
A. lead, lead
B. rest, wrest
C. lie, lie
D. beat, bit
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。lie“躺着”，还有“说谎”的意思，所以C选项中两个词是同形异义词。
3. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.（西安交大2008研）
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】指称指拥有某些属性的具体实体，它处理的是语言元素与非语言世界的关系。
4. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by ______ respectively.（大连外国语学院2008研）
A. synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy
B. synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy
C. antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】有三种涵义关系，分别为同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系。
5. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view, of child language acquisition?（北二外2015研）
A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.
B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.
C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】本题考查儿童语言习得的行为主义观点。行为主义观点认为语言习得是通过刺激-强化所形成习惯的过程。选项C是天赋假说的观点。
6. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学2007研）
A. resolution
B. resident
C. restart
D. resignation
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】/s/在restart中位于清辅音前，所以被轻音化。
7. Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation?（对外经贸2005年）
A. Vowel and consonant
B. Mouth and tongue
C. Lexicon and word
D. Number and gender
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】布谷鸟是鸟的下义词，舌是口腔的下义词。
8. _____ refers to the obstruction of the air stream caused by the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge, such as in the production of [t].（北二外2017研）
A. Stop
B. Dental
C. Alveolar
D. Glide
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】考查辅音的分类。根据发音部位，主要分为双唇音（bilabials），唇齿音（labiodental），齿音（dental），齿龈音（alveolar），硬腭音（palatal），软腭音（velar），声门音（glottal）；而按照发音方式，可分为爆破音（stops），磨擦音（fricatives），破擦音（affricates），鼻音（nasals），流音（liquids），滑音（glides）。由题意，舌端和齿龈形成阻碍成音，即为齿龈音，常见辅音有[t] [d] [s] [z] [ts] [dz] [n] [l]，故C正确。
9. Bound morphemes do not include _____.（西安交大2008研）
A. roots
B. prefixes
C. suffixes
D. words
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。词根，词缀都可能是粘着词素。
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来源：才聪学习网
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