介词inwithbyof用法(由insteadof用法引起对边缘介词平行结构用法的思考)(1)

最近看到《朗文常用英语正误词典》(上海译文出版社,p 161)认为下列句子是错误的:

I advised her to go out more instead of to stay at hone all the time.而应改为:

I advised her to go out more instead of staying at home all the time .并解释说: instead of后接something或doing something ;但是小编在平时的泛读中看到许多下面的例句:

It must be so frightful to have to put things on in order to look better, instead of to strip things off.那一定是那么丑恶为了看起来好一点必须穿上一些衣服,而不是脱掉那些衣服。

instead of后到底接什么?

小编经过长时间考证,原来instead of是个“边缘介词”,兼有介词和连词的一些属性,它不仅可以后接something(代词则用宾格)、doing something、名词、形容词、副词、短语、动名词复合结构、介词短语、从句,还可以接动词不定式来作它的宾语,instead of甚至于可以接一个与前面已经出现的需要代替的那部分相对应的任何结构即只需要和前面那个被代替的结构平行对应就可以了。

介词inwithbyof用法(由insteadof用法引起对边缘介词平行结构用法的思考)(2)

类例:

1. You ought to weep instead of to laugh . 你该哭而 不该笑。

2. He went there to gain money instead of to spend money . 他到那儿去是为 了赚钱而不是花钱的。

3. They will use their power to rationalism capitalism instead of to destroy it. 他们将运用他们的权力来使资本主义合理化,而不是去毁灭它。

此外,还应掌握,instead of还可以后接介词短语形容词甚至as从句:

1. The play acts better instead of worse, than it reads. 这个剧本演出的效果比阅读效果好,而不是坏。

2. He pictures people as he sees them instead of as they are.

他描述的人物,是他所看见的那样,而不是他们真实的样子。

3. He describes it as he saw instead of as it was. 他是按他们看到的样子而不是按其本来的面目来描述的它。

以下是一些经典例句值得大家对边缘介词平行结构用法进行深入思考:

Why the new emphasis on sticks instead of diplomatic carrots? (接名词)

为什么最新政策强调采取强硬手段,而不是采用外交上的怀柔策略?

Take a shower instead of a bath. (接名词)

洗淋浴吧,别用浴缸了。

介词inwithbyof用法(由insteadof用法引起对边缘介词平行结构用法的思考)(3)

I give him advice instead of money. 给了他忠告而没有给他钱。

(接名词)

She put diesel fuel, instead of petrol, into the tank causing the motor to seize up.

她往油箱里加了些柴油而不是汽油,致使发动机发生故障。(接名词)

It looks like an innocent bystander was killed instead of you.

看起来是一个无辜的旁观者当了你的替死鬼。(接代词)

Will you go to the party instead of me? 你代我去赴宴,好吗?(接代词)

It felt like I'd had two babies instead of one

我感觉像是有两个孩子而不是一个。(接代词)

Things are now better instead of worse. 情况不是更坏,而是更好了。(接形容词)

The ship’s generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated manually instead of mechanically. (接副词)

船上的发电机坏了,水泵只能手动操作,不能机械操作。(四级考试真题)

He walks slowly instead of quickly. 他走得慢,而不是快了。

(接副词)

That increased instead of decreased our courage. 那不但没有减弱反而增强了我们的勇气。(接动词(短语))

We should encourage them instead of throwing cold water on them. 我们应该鼓励他们而不是对他们泼冷水。(动名词(短语))

Water companies should concentrate on reducing waste instead ofbuilding new reservoirs

自来水公司应该集中精力减少水浪费,而不是修建新水库。(动名词(短语))

They must make up their own minds instead of our making their minds for them.

他们应当自己下决心而不是我们替他们下决心。(接动名词复合结构)

But the survey also revealed firms were running down stocks insteadof making new products

但是调查也显示,各公司正在减少库存,而没有生产新的产品。(接现在分词)

We went by train instead of by car.我们没有可小汽车去,而是作火车去的。(接介词短语)

He laughed with (us) instead of at us. 他跟我们一起笑,并不是嘲笑我们。(接介词短语)

I went to borrow a book instead of to buy one. 我去借了一本书,而不是买了一本书。(接不定式(短语))

A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hate him.(接不定式(短语))

一句鼓励的话可能使我尊敬他,而不是憎恨他。

小结:

1.instead of 在句中时往往后接的结构要求是并列的平行结构, 要求功能形式上前后一致;注意是句中和往往这些关键词;即也有不接平行结构的例外:

He decided that he would drive back to town instead of putting up for the night at the hotel.

他决定开车回镇上,不在旅馆过夜。

We are learning how to confront death instead of avoiding its reality.

我们在学习如何直面死亡,而非回避死亡这一现实。

Why don't you play football instead of just looking on?

你为什么不参加踢足球而只是看热闹?

They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs

他们没有降低成本,而是抬高价格、削减产量。

介词inwithbyof用法(由insteadof用法引起对边缘介词平行结构用法的思考)(4)

2.instead of 在句首时,和正常的介词用法差不多,后面一般名词、代词或动名词等结构较多:

Instead of taking me to the departure lounge they took me right to my seat on the plane.

他们没有带我去候机厅,而是直接领我上飞机到了我的座位上。

Instead of tea or coffee, drink water to quench your thirst

渴了喝水,别喝茶或咖啡。

Instead of rushing at life, I wanted something more meaningful.

我不想混日子,我想做点更有意义的事情。

Instead of the Government admitting its error, it just tinkered with the problem .

政府没有承认错误,只是敷衍了事地处理问题。

Instead of abating, the wind is blowing even harder.

风不但没停,反而越刮越大了。

Instead of bludgeoning our erring comrades, we should help them with criticism.

对犯错误的同志,要批评帮助,不能一棍子打死。

对于中学生应付考试来说,明白该词后接doing、名词、代词就够了;如果想在书面表达作文里嘚瑟一下自己高超的英语水平,还是该弄懂这篇文章、会用这个词组是上上之策。

介词inwithbyof用法(由insteadof用法引起对边缘介词平行结构用法的思考)(5)

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