731st article第731期双语推文
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The top 100 archaeological findings of the past century were revealed at the third Chinese Archaeological Congress on October 18th. Among the 14 archaeological discoveries in Henan, the Xinzheng Peiligang Ruins, Gongyi Shuanghuaishu Site and Zhengzhou Shang Dynasty Ruins were on the list. Looking up into the bright starry sky of history, Zhengzhou, the ancient capital of Shang Dynasty, again and again radiates a dazzling brilliance to the world. Let's take a closer look at these archaeological discoveries and bask in the light of history and culture.
10月18日，在第三届中国考古学大会上，全国“百年百大考古发现”终评结果揭晓。在河南入选的14项考古发现中，郑州新郑裴李岗遗址、巩义双槐树遗址、郑州商城遗址上榜。遥望历史的璀璨星空，古都郑州一次次向世界散发出夺目的光彩。让我们再次走近这些考古大发现，感受历史文化的耀眼光芒。
Xinzheng Peiligang Ruins
The 8,000-year-old historic journey of civilization
新郑裴李岗遗址
8000年文明史
The namesake of Peiligang culture, the 2,957 square-meter Peiligang Site was excavated three times in the late 1970s, where cultural strata, public cemeteries, a few ash pits and pottery kilns, and a number of relics with typical characteristics were unearthed. The pottery pots, bowls, three-legged bowls, ritual cauldrons known as ding, four-legged millstones, stone rods, and sawtooth stone sickles all have their own distinctive characteristics, and in the public cemeteries a total of 114 tombs have been excavated.
裴李岗遗址是裴李岗文化的典型代表。裴李岗遗址在20世纪70年代末曾进行过3次发掘，共发掘面积约2957平方米，发现了文化层、公共墓地以及少量灰坑及陶窑，出土了一批具有典型特征的遗物。出土的陶壶、钵、三足钵、鼎以及四足石磨盘、石磨棒、锯齿石镰等非常具有自身特点，集中的公共墓地墓葬数量众多，已发掘114座。
In 2018, archaeological workers began new excavations at the site, and discovered rich Upper Paleolithic remains in the western part of the site. New excavations and studies revealed that the Peiligang Site was a central village that had existed for a long time and shown clear signs of human habitation. The most recent accurate dating shows that the site in the Peiligang period, dating from around 8,000 years ago, had existed for a period of about 500 years. In the latest excavation, a large number of carbonized husks have been found along with a few plant seeds such as millet, rice, grain, acorn, wild jujube, jujube and pecan, demonstrating the emergence of cereal farming in the Peiligang culture period. Animal remains, including pigs, dogs, cattle, deer, roe, badgers, and turtles as well as a large number of fish bones, represent the emergence of animal husbandry. People in this period, however, still relied primarily on hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their diet.
2018年，文物考古工作者对该遗址启动新的发掘工作，陆续在遗址西部发现了堆积丰富的旧石器晚期遗存。新的发掘和研究显示，裴李岗遗址是区域内一处使用时间较长、定居程度较高的中心性村落。最新精确测年显示，裴李岗时期遗址使用年代距今8000年前后，使用时间500年左右。最新发掘发现了大量碳化果壳，以及浮选出少量植物种子，有黍、稻、粟、橡子、酸枣、枣、山核桃等，初步判断裴李岗文化时期，农业已经有了初步发展，可能种植有黍、稻等农作物，但仍然以采集经济为主；动物遗存发现有猪、狗、牛、鹿、獐、獾、龟以及大量的鱼骨，初步判断已经有了猪、狗养殖，但仍然以渔猎活动获取动物资源为主。
The first light of Chinese civilization revealed itself 15,000 years ago. People of Zhengzhou have left indelible marks over the long course of history. More than 10,000 years ago, people living in Lijiagou Village began to craft stoneware and pottery, signifying the earliest dawn of civilization in the Central Plains. More than 8,000 years ago, the people of Peiligang and Tanghu had built vast villages with trenches, complete with large-roomed houses. They wore clothes made from textiles, cooked millet, pork and mutton using a complete range of ceramic cookware and tableware, and enjoyed delicious fruits, ushering in a new era of human life.
中华文明从1.5万年前开始孕育，5000年前开始形成。在这漫长的历史进程中，留下了郑州人的斑斑印记。从1万多年前开始，生活在李家沟的人们已经开始磨制石器、烧造陶器，这是中原地区最早的文明曙光。从8000多年前开始，裴李岗、唐户的人们已经建起挖有壕沟的庞大村落，住着平地筑起的带有开间的房子，穿着纺织出来的衣服，使用着一应俱全的陶制炊具餐具，品着种植的小米、饲养的猪肉羊肉、收获的水果，开启了人类生活的崭新时代。
Gongyi Shuanghuaishu Site
Recognized as the embryo of early Chinese civilization
巩义双槐树遗址
被称为“早期中华文明的胚胎”
The Shuanghuaishu Site is located 2 kilometers south of the southern bank of the Yellow River and 4 kilometers east of the Yiluo River in Gongyi City. The site, about 1,500 meters long and 780 meters wide, has a residual area of 1.17 million square meters, and is in the central area of Heluo. The Shuanghuaishu Site is ringed by large moats dating to the middle and late stages of Yangshao culture, the latter of which also saw the earliest barbican walls, along with large terraced residential compounds, large rammed earth foundations, and other massive rammed earth remains. In addition, there are three large public cemeteries with more than 1,700 carefully planned tombs, and three rammed earth altars, large tombs arrayed around a central rammed earth altar. An astronomical representation of the Big Dipper simulated by nine pottery pots, more than 20 sites for human or animal sacrifices, and a large number of cultural relics from the Yangshao Culture period have been unearthed.
巩义双槐树遗址位于巩义市黄河南岸以南2公里、伊洛河东4公里处。遗址东西长约1500米，南北宽约780米，残存面积达117万平方米，处于河洛文化中心区。双槐树遗址有仰韶文化中晚阶段3重大型环壕，具有最早瓮城结构的围墙，封闭式排状布局的大型中心居址、大型夯土基址、采用版筑法夯筑而成的大型连片块状夯土遗迹。此外还有3处共1700余座经过严格规划的大型公共墓地，3处夯土祭祀台遗迹，围绕中心夯土祭台周边的大型墓葬。另发现有与重要人物居住的大型建筑融合的用9个陶罐模拟的北斗九星天文遗迹，20多处人祭或动物祭的礼祀遗迹以及制陶作坊区、储水区、道路系统等，并出土了一大批仰韶文化时期丰富的文化遗物。
Many experts and scholars believe that the Shuanghuaishu Site is the most-developed urban settlement discovered so far from the middle and late Yangshao Culture Periods (4200-3000 BC) along the Yellow River Basin, representing an early stage in the formation of advanced society, such that it can be called an embryo of early Chinese civilization. According to archaeological exploration and scientific dating, the site was a carefully selected urban settlement inhabited around 5,300 years ago, and can be used as a key source for exploring this important historical period and the region where Chinese civilization originated. It was named one of the Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2020.
多位专家学者认为，双槐树遗址是迄今为止在黄河流域仰韶文化中晚期这一中华文明形成的初期，发现的规格最高的具有都邑性质的中心聚落，被专家学者称为“早期中华文明的胚胎”。经考古勘探发掘和科学测年确认，该遗址是距今5300年前后经过精心选址的都邑性聚落，填补了中华文明起源的关键时期、关键地区的关键材料，被评为2020年度“全国十大考古新发现”。
In the exhibition hall of relics unearthed from the Shuanghuaishu site, there are a large number of exquisite painted pottery relics, bone needles, stone knives and spinning reels connected to silk production in the Late Yangshao Culture Period (3500-3000 BC). The site also contains pottery workshops, water catchment areas and road systems integrated with large buildings where important people lived, all of which indicate that a group of highly civilized people lived on this ancient site 5,300 years ago.
在双槐树遗址出土遗物展馆里，陈列着大量仰韶文化晚期完整的精美彩陶及与丝绸制作工艺相关的骨针、石刀、纺轮等。此外，该遗址还发现了制陶作坊区、储水区、道路系统等，这些都表明，在5300年前的这座古老遗址上，生活着一群具有较高文明程度的人。
The large architectural complexes found at the Shuanghuaishu Site exhibit the characteristics of early Chinese palace architecture, which provide important materials for exploring the origin of the Chinese palace system. Characterized by stepped buildings, the site shows the social development model and ideas of the ancient kingdom located in the central region of Heluo, hence the name Heluo kingdom.
双槐树遗址发现的大型建筑群初具中国早期宫室建筑的特征，为探索三代宫室制度的源头提供了重要素材。不同建筑的布置整体具有一定的台阶式特征，遗址表现出的社会发展模式和承载的思想观念呈现出古国时代的王都气象，因其位于河洛中心区域，被专家命名为“河洛古国”。
Zhengzhou Shang Dynasty Ruins
A collection of the four elements of civilization
商城遗址
集合四大文明要素
Cities carry historical memories, and culture is the soul of a city. "Capital of the Shang Dynasty" can be said to represent Zhengzhou's splendid culture.
城市是历史的记忆，文化是城市的灵魂。“商都”可以说是古都郑州灿烂文化的典型代表。
The wall sections of the site clearly show rammed earth from various periods, stretching from the Shang Dynasty (1600-1050 BC) through the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) to modern times, reflecting the historical changes of the past 3,600 years.
商城遗址的城墙剖面断面清晰地展示着各个时期的夯土层，从商代、战国，再到近代，折射出3600年历史的厚重与沧桑。
This is where the imperial system was invented. The Shang Dynasty civilization of Zhengzhou witnessed the formation of the traditional urban planning system in China. Succeeding the earlier Erlitou civilization, the Shang Dynasty civilization of Zhengzhou, as the capital city of the Shang Dynasty, established a mature urban system over a wide area for the first time. The palace architecture, represented by the walled courtyard, became a model for the palaces in the capital cities of all succeeding dynasties in China, and the system of city walls found in all later traditional Chinese cities was first established.
这里是王朝典制开创之地。郑州商文明见证了中国传统城市规划制度的形成。继二里头文明之后，郑州商代都城代表的郑州商文明在广域范围内首次确立了成熟的城市体系。以围院建筑为代表的宫室建筑形式，成为中国历代都城宫殿营造的典范，而中国传统城市的城郭之制也自此确立。
This is where the Bronze Age matured. The 28 bronze wares unearthed in the three pits were heavy and intricately decorated, showing Zhengzhou's lofty status as the capital, and exhibiting the first flourishing period of Chinese bronze civilization.
这里是青铜时代成熟之地。三个窖藏坑出土的28件青铜器器型厚重、纹饰繁缛，展现了郑州作为王都的崇高地位，堪称中国青铜文明的首个高峰。
This is the origin of Chinese characters. The Shang Dynasty civilization in Zhengzhou saw the formation of the writing system of Chinese characters. On this basis, the oracle bone inscriptions and the golden inscriptions discovered in the late Shang period (13-11 BC) in the Yin Dynasty Ruins in Anyang were written in relatively mature forms and styles, which were later inherited by the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC). The Qin Empire eventually standardized the writing of characters. As the embodiment and foundation of this culture, the Chinese character system has been continuous till today.
这里是中华汉字寻根之地。郑州商文明见证了汉字书写系统的形成。在郑州商文明基础上，安阳殷墟发现的晚商时期甲骨文、金文确立了相对成熟的文字形式和书写体例，并被周代继承。秦帝国“书同文”再次规范了文字书写。作为文化与制度的体现者和承载者，汉字系统连绵不断直至今天。
Zhengzhou is recognized as the capital of the early Shang Dynasty, the period during which the Shang civilization established countries and cities and invented bronze wares and writing, occupying an important position in the history of Chinese civilization and world civilization.
郑州商代都城是公认的商代早期王朝都城。它代表的商文明，集合了国家、城市、青铜器、文字四个文明要素，在中华文明史和世界文明史上占据重要地位。
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