联邦雅思今天带大家了解下同位语。
同位语的作用就是对一个名词、短语或者句子进行补充说明或者解释，同位语和修饰的事物是同等关系的。
［1］同位语从句。用一个句子来对前面的名词进行补充说明，同位语从句前面不需要加上逗号，而且that是不能够省略的。
Education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music.
［同位语是that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music，先行词是the belief。］
这种类型的同位语从句很容易认，就是从句前面的先行词通常是一个概括性的抽象名词，如：answer, appeal, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, idea, message, news, promise, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, understanding, truth等朋友。
［2］whether引导同位语从句，我们在文章第一段的话题引入句也经常用到：
It is a subject of discussion whether private financing should be accepted by the government to a larger extent and even the state can concede its control over national sports teams to private ownership.
［上文提到的主语从句和宾语从句都有whether这位小伙子的身影哦，要好好区分这三种句型里面whether的不同用法］
［3］名词充当同位语，一般来说，这种情况同位语和先行词的关系比较松散，所以中间都应该使用逗号分开，表示停顿。
a. The flourishing of different cultures contributes to the establishment of a multi-cultural environment, a prerequisite for attracting skilled workforce from all over the world to settle.
［a prerequisite for attracting skilled workforce from all over the world to settle.是 the establishment of a multi-cultural environment的同位语，前面要加上逗号］
b. Many stress-related diseases are attributed to the increasingly fierce competition in society, a result of technological development.
［a result of technological development是the increasingly fierce competition in society的同位语］
［4］for example，including，namely，particularly，especially等引导的同位语。这些句型相信基本上大家都会使用的，不过很多人用了却没有意识到其实你是在使用同位语。
a. It is also one of the reasons why people react dissimilarly to troubles or bad luck, for example, accidents, conflicts, divorce, and so forth.
[accidents, conflicts, divorce, and so forth.是前面的troubles和bad luck的同位语］
b. It will pose a threat on the welfare of the audience, especially that of children.
［that of children是 the welfare of the audience的同位语］
［5］［that引导的同位语从句］和［that引导的定语从句］的区别：
一位学生写的句子：
However, it does not mean that other subjects are unimportant or useless that should not be learnt by students.
一眼看上去好像并没有什么错误，还蛮通顺的，你是不是也写过这样的句子？
但是再致读一下，就会发现有什么不对的地方了。
（1）other subjects are unimportant or useless和other subjects should not be learnt by students.其实是因果关系，“那些科目不重要，所以（人们）不需要学习。“
那么问题来了，这个是that引导定语从句吗？可是我们的定语从句是可以表达因果关系的吗？不可以呀，因为我们的定语从句是用来对先行词进行修饰或者限定的，并没有体现因果关系的功能的，所以这里是不能使用that来引导从句。
(2)那么这个是同位语从句吗？that是跟在两个形容词后面的，可是我们刚刚说了同位语要跟在一个名词后面的呀，那这样that引导的就不是一个同位语从句了。
这样一分析下来，that should not be learnt by students.这个从句就名不正，言不顺，连小三都说不上了。
那么这个句子我们可以这样改：
1. It does not mean that other subjects are so unimportant or useless that they should not be learnt by students.［so that是从属连接词，来连接前后两个有因果关系的句子］
2. It does not mean that other subjects that are unimportant or useless should not be learnt by students.［that引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的other subjects］
3. It does not mean that other subjects are so unimportant or useless, so they should not be learnt by students.［写法跟第一句一样，都是so来连接两个句子］
4. It does not mean that other subjects, unimportant or useless, should not be learnt by students.［ unimportant or useless是形容词充当同位语，补充说明前面的other subjects是怎么样的］
5. It does not mean that other subjects are unimportant or useless and students do not need to learn them. ［用and这个对等连接词来把两个完整的句子连接起来］
这样改了是不是觉得会更加通顺呢？
下面再用一个例句来说明一下定语从句和同位语从句的区别：
a. Mandy doesn’t like the idea that everyone should work overtime today.
[此句的 that 子句是同位语从句，that后面接一完整句子，等同于 the idea。]
b. Mandy doesn’t like the idea that / which was discussed in the meeting..
［此句的 that 子句是定语从句， that代替 the idea 在从中当主语，因此后面不接一完整句子，並可用 which 代替。］
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