首先，我们学习《任何年龄的人都可以轻松自学拉丁语》中的第16课。
拉丁语的nauta相当于英语的a sailor，把-a变化为-ae构成相应的复数nautae，相当于英语的sailors。
说到单数和复数的区别，请家长朋友先大概复习一下汉语中的方法。
汉语中，事实上，也是区分单数、复数和双数的。
汉语中的“我”是第一人称单数，“你”是第二人称单数，“他，她，它”是第三人称单数。
在后面加上“俩”构成双数，相当于英语中的both，加上“们”构成复数，相当于英语的all。
汉字是世界上唯一还在广泛使用的非拼音文字。
我们不能像拉丁语和英语那样通过在词根（或单词）后面加字母的方式实现语法功能，而只能通过增加汉字整体来实现。
请比较“朋友”和“朋友们”，对应英语的friend和friends。
英语加-s构成复数，汉语加“们”构成复数。
英语中的名词通常是词尾加s构成复数。另外，还有一些不同的变化形式。
下面，是一本英语原版的高中语法教材。里面介绍了一些名词从单数变化成复数的知识。
如果您一直是坚持通过了解词源记单词，阅读这样的内容肯定不会很吃力。
在这里，我们可以看到，英语的名词有些实际上保留了其它语言，如拉丁语、希腊语的复数形式。
如英语单词formula的复数是formulae，和我们现在学习的nauta的复数是nautae是一种模式。
【英语】formula[ˈfɔːmjulə]n. (pl. formulas, formulae [-li:])1. 公式, 方程式2. 计算式准则; 方案3. 【医】配方, 处方, 药方4. (礼节、法津、宗教仪式及政治口号等的)惯用语句; 提法; 表述; 俗套话5. 【宗】信仰表白书6. 分子式, 结构式7. 代乳品
formula of integration积分公式
a binominal formula【数】二项式
a molecular formula【化】分子式
a structural formula【化】结构式, 构造式
a formula for making soap肥皂配方
a legal formula法律上的惯用语句
formula investing公式投资(按公式计划进行的一种投资方法)
拆解：form ul a。
词源：formula (n.)
1630s, "words used in a ceremony or ritual" (earlier as a Latin word in English), from Latin formula "form, draft, contract, regulation;" in law, "a rule, method;" literally "small form," diminutive of forma "form" (see form (n.)). Modern sense is colored by Carlyle's use (1837) of the word in a sense of "rule slavishly followed without understanding" [OED]. From 1706 as "a prescription, a recipe;" mathematical use is from 1796; chemistry sense is from 1842. In motor racing, "class or specification of a car" (usually by engine size), 1927.
提示：只要重点记忆form就可以了。
【英语】form[fɔːm]n.1. 形状; 形态; 外形; 体型2. 样子; 外貌; 人影, 物影3. 形式; 方式4. 结构; 类型; 质地5. (组织等的)体制; (文学作品等的)体裁; 样式6. 格式; (=[美] blank)空白表格7. 【语】词形, 形式8. 仪式; 礼节; 礼貌; 态度
建议让孩子在牢记for(为了)的基础上记忆form。
词源：form (n.)
c. 1200, forme, fourme, "semblance, image, likeness," from Old French forme, fourme, "physical form, appearance; pleasing looks; shape, image; way, manner" (12c.), from Latin forma "form, contour, figure, shape; appearance, looks; a fine form, beauty; an outline, a model, pattern, design; sort, kind condition," a word of unknown origin. One theory holds that it is from or cognate with Greek morphe "form, beauty, outward appearance" (see Morpheus) via Etruscan [Klein].
请牢记：源自拉丁语的form-对应源自希腊语的morph-。
英语至少有478个单词用到form-，至少有211个单词用到morph-。
在认识form的基础上，再记忆reform（改革），perform（表演），uniform（校服），transform（转换）这样的单词都非常简单。
请牢记：trans-是拉丁语前缀，也是一个介词。
【拉丁语】trans prep. across, over; beyond; on the other side; (only local relations);
英语至少有521个单词用到trans-。
认识log-和后缀-logy的孩子都可以不费吹灰之力掌握英语单词morphology。
【英语】morphology[mɔːˈfɔlədʒɪ]n.1. 〈生〉形态学2. 〈语〉词法
拆解：morph o logy。
英语至少有1981个单词用到log-，至少有292个单词以-logy结尾。
我们的孩子完全不用专门花精力学习拉丁语和希腊构词常用构词部件，唯一需要做的是：坚持通过了解词源记单词。
只要能读懂英语原版教材，数学、物理、化学、生物这样的中学课程都会变得通俗易懂、简单可爱。
前面，我们已经通过坎贝尔生物学（全球版）学习了最重要的18个化学元素中的6个以-um结尾的，3个以-gen结尾的，2个以-ine结尾的。加在一起已经有11个。
这一节，我们再学习余下的7个化学元素的英语名称。
请家长朋友一定要收藏下面的截图：
我们可以看出来：boron, carbon, neon, silicon, argon都是以-on结尾。
【英语】boron[ˈbɔːrɔn]n. 〈化〉硼（元素符号为： B）
拆解：bor on。
词源：boron (n.)
non-metallic chemical element, 1812, from borax ending abstracted unetymologically from carbon (its properties somewhat resemble those of carbon). Originally called boracium by Humphry Davy because it was drawn from boracic acid. Related: Boric.
【英语】borax[ˈbɔːræks]n.1. [俚]廉低、低级、好看的便宜货, (特指)式样繁多的便宜家具2. 【化】硼砂; 硼酸钠
拆解：bor ax。
【英语】boric[ˈbɔːrik]adj.【化】硼的,含硼的,硼素的,由硼衍生的
boric acid硼酸
拆解：bor ic。
【英语】carbon[ˈkɑːbən]n.1. 碳2. 复写纸 (= carbon paper)3. 副本；复写的副本 (= carbon copy)
David is almost a carbon of his father. (喻)
大卫和他父亲几乎长得一模一样。
拆解：carb on。
强烈建议让孩子先牢记car（小汽车）再记忆carb-。
词源：carbon (n.)
non-metallic element occurring naturally as diamond, graphite, or charcoal, 1789, coined 1787 in French by Lavoisier as charbone, from Latin carbonem (nominative carbo) "a coal, glowing coal; charcoal," from PIE root *ker- (3) "heat, fire."
我们可以大概了解：这里的car-最终源自PIE（原始印欧语）表“热，火”的词根*ker- (3)。
【英语】neon[ˈniːən]n.1. 【化】氖(10号元素, 符号Ne)2. 氖光灯, 霓虹灯
a neon lamp霓虹灯
a neon sign广告霓虹灯
拆解：ne on。
词源：neon (n.)
chemical element, one of the noble gases, 1898, coined by its discoverers, Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers, from Greek neon, neuter of neos "new" (see new); so called because it was newly discovered. They also discovered its property of emitting colored light when electrified in a sealed glass tube. The use of neon lights in advertising dates to 1913; neon sign is attested by 1927.
这里的ne-实际上源自希腊语表“新的”单词νέος（neos），对应英语的new。
【英语】silicon[ˈsilikən]n.(=silicium)【化】硅(14号元素, 符号 Si, 旧名矽)
silicon controlled rectifier硅(可)控整流器
silicon transistor硅晶体管
silicon on insulating [insulator] substrate绝缘衬底上外延硅
silicon on sapphire technique硅蓝宝石技术
拆解：sil ic on。
词源：
silicon (n.)
nonmetallic element, 1817, coined by British chemist Thomas Thomson from silica (silicon dioxide), from which it was isolated. The name is patterned on carbon, etc. Silicon chip is attested from 1965; Silicon Valley for the Santa Clara Valley near San Francisco is attested by 1974, in reference to the concentration there of manufacturers of silicon chips used in computers, watches, etc.
【英语】silica[ˈsɪlɪkə]n. 二氧化硅 （亦作： silicon dioxide）
拆解：sil ic a。
【英语】argon[ˈɑːɡɔn]n.【化】氩 (18号元素, 符号Ar)
argon welding (=self-adjusting argon-arc welding)自动调整氩弧焊
拆解：a （e）rg on。
词源：argon (n.)
chemical element, 1894, Modern Latin, from Greek argon, neuter of argos "lazy, idle, not working the ground, living without labor," from a- "without" (see a- (3)) ergon "work" (from PIE root *werg- "to do"). So called by its discoverers, Baron Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay, for its inert qualities. They described it as "most astonishingly indifferent."
请记重点：这里的arg-实际上是否定前缀a-和erg-（源自希腊语表“工作”的词根）的组合形式。
英语单词energy（能量）中用到erg-。
源自希腊语的erg-和英语的work中的wor-最终都源自PIE（原始印欧语）*werg- "to do"。
最后，我们再学习一下phosphorus和sulfur。
【英语】phosphorus[ˈfɔsfərəs]n.1. 【化】磷(15号元素, 符号P)2. (=phosphor)磷光体, 发光物质3. 【天】启明星, 金星
拆解：phos phor us。
重点记忆：phos-，phot-表“光”，phor-, pher-表“携带”。
词源：phosphorus (n.)
1640s, "substance or organism that shines of itself," from Latin phosphorus "light-bringing," also "the morning star" (a sense attested in English from 1620), from Greek Phosphoros "morning star," literally "torchbearer," from phōs "light," contraction of phaos "light, daylight" (related to phainein "to show, to bring to light," from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine") phoros "bearer," from pherein "to carry" (from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry," also "to bear children").
As the name of a solid, non-metallic, combustible chemical element, it is recorded from 1680, originally one among several substances so called; the word used exclusively of the element from c. 1750. It was discovered in 1669 by Henning Brand, merchant and alchemist of Hamburg, who derived it from urine. Lavoisier demonstrated it was an element in 1777. According to Flood, "It is the first element whose discoverer is known."
【英语】sulfur [ˈsʌlfə]n. (=sulphur)【化】硫(16号元素, 符号S), 硫黄[磺]
词源：sulfur (n.)
also sulphur, c. 1300, from Anglo-French sulfere, Old French soufre "sulfur, fire and brimstone, hellfire" (13c.), later also sulphur, from Late Latin sulfur, from Latin sulphur, probably from a root meaning "to burn." Ousted native brimstone and cognate Old English swefl, German schwefel, Swedish swafel, Dutch zwavel. The spelling with -ph- is standard in Britain, but its suggestion of a Greek origin is misleading.
建议先熟悉英语单词fur再记忆sulfur。
【英语】fur[fɜr /fɜː]n. 毛皮制品, 软毛, 毛皮v. 以毛皮制作, 使生垢, 使生苔
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