要怎样控制体重（为什么女生更难控制体重）

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要怎样控制体重

为什么女生更难控制体重

纽约Times

原文如下：

Everyone knows conventional wisdom about metabolism: People put pounds on year after year from their 20s onward because their metabolisms slow down, especially around middle age. Women have slower metabolisms than men. That’s why they have a harder time controlling their weight. Menopause only makes things worse, slowing women’s metabolisms even more.

All wrong, according to a paper published Thursday in Science. Using data from nearly 6,500 people, ranging in age from 8 days to 95 years, researchers discovered that there are four distinct periods of life, as far as metabolism goes. They also found that there are no real differences between the metabolic rates of men and women after controlling for other factors.

The findings from the research are likely to reshape the science of human physiology and could also have implications for some medical practices, like determining appropriate drug doses for children and older people.

“It will be in textbooks,” predicted Leanne Redman, an energy balance physiologist at Pennington Biomedical Research Institute in Baton Rouge, La., who also called it “a pivotal paper.”

Rozalyn Anderson, a professor of medicineat the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who studies aging, wrote a perspective accompanying the paper. In an interview, she said she was“blown away” by its findings. “We will have to revise some of our ideas,” she added.

But the findings’ implications for public health, diet and nutrition are limited for the moment because the study gives “a 30,000-foot view of energy metabolism,” said Dr. Samuel Klein, who was not involved in the study and is director of the Center for Human Nutrition at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He added, “I don’t think you can make any new clinical statements” for an individual. When it comes to weight gain, he says, the issue is the same as it has always been: People are eating more calories than they are burning.

Metabolic research is expensive, and so most published studies have had very few participants. But the new study’s principal investigator, Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist at Duke University, said that the project’s participating researchers agreed to share their data. There are more than 80 co-authors on the study. By combining efforts from a half dozen labs collected over 40 years, they had sufficient information to ask general questions about changes in metabolism over a lifetime.

All of the research centers involved in the project were studying metabolic rates with a method considered the gold standard — doubly labeled water. It involves measuring calories burned by tracking the amount of carbon dioxide a person exhales during daily activities.

The investigators also had participants’ heights and weights and percent body fat, which allowed them to look at fundamental metabolic rates. A smaller person will burn fewer calories than a bigger person, of course, but correcting for size and percent fat, the group asked, Were their metabolisms different?

“It was really clear that we didn’t have a good handle on how body size affects metabolism or how aging affects metabolism,” Dr. Pontzer said. “These are basic fundamental things you’d think would have been answered 100 years ago.”

Central to their findings was that metabolism differs for all people across four distinct stages of life.

• There’s infancy, up until age 1, when calorie burning is at its peak, accelerating until it is 50 percent above the adult rate.

• Then, from age 1 to about age 20, metabolism gradually slows by about 3 percent a year.

• From age 20 to 60, it holds steady.

• And, after age 60, it declines by about 0.7 percent a year.

Once the researchers controlled for bodysize and the amount of muscle people have, they also found no differences between men and women.

As might be expected, while the metabolic rate patterns hold for the population, individuals vary. Some have metabolic rates 25 percent below the average for their age and others have rates 25 percent higher than expected. But these outliers do not change the general pattern, reflected in graphs showing trajectory of metabolic rates over the years.

The four periods of metabolic life depicted in the new paper show “there isn’t a constant rate of energy expenditure per pound,” Dr. Redman noted. The rate depends on age. That runs counter to the longstanding assumptions she and others in nutrition science held.

The trajectories of metabolism over the course of a lifetime and the individuals who are outliers will open a number of research questions. For instance, what are the characteristics of people whose metabolisms are higher or lower than expected, and is there a relationship with obesity?

One of the findings that most surprised Dr.Pontzer was the metabolism of infants. He expected, for example, that a newborn infant would have a sky-high metabolic rate. After all, a general rule in biology is that smaller animals burn calories faster than larger ones.

Instead, Dr. Pontzer said, for the first month of life, babies have the same metabolic rate as their mothers. But shortly after a baby is born, he said, “something kicks in and the metabolic rate takes off.”

The group also expected the metabolism of adults to start slowing when they were in their 40s or, for women, with the onset of menopause.

But, Dr. Pontzer said, “we just didn’t see that.”

The metabolic slowing that starts around age 60 results in a 20 percent decline in the metabolic rate by age 95.

Dr. Klein said that although people gain on average more than a pound and a half a year during adulthood, they can no longer attribute it to slowing metabolisms.

Energy requirements of the heart, liver, kidney and brain account for 65 percent of the resting metabolic rate although they constitute only 5 percent of body weight, Dr. Klein said. A slower metabolism after age 60, he added, may mean that crucial organs are functioning less well as people age. It might be one reason that chronic diseases tend to occur most often in older people.

Even college students might see the effects of the metabolic shift around age 20, Dr. Klein said. “When they finish college they are burning fewer calories than when they started.”

And around age 60, no matter how young people look, they are changing in a fundamental way.

“There is a myth of retaining youth,” Dr.Anderson said. “That’s not what the biology says. In and around age 60, things start to change.”

There is a time point when things are no longer as they used to be.”

为什么女生更难控制体重

译文如下：

每个人都知道关于新陈代谢的传统观点：人们从 20 多岁起年复一年地增加体重，因为他们的新陈代谢减慢，尤其是在中年左右。女性的新陈代谢比男性慢。这就是为什么他们更难控制体重的原因。更年期只会让事情变得更糟，进一步减缓女性的新陈代谢。

conventional[kənˈvenʃənl]，做形容词，

(行为观念等) 传统的.栗子：...a respectable married woman with conventional opinions.…一个可敬的观念传统的已婚妇女。
常规的 (武器)。栗子：conventional forces/weapons.常规部队 / 武器.

metabolism[məˈtæbəlɪzəm]，作名词，新陈代谢。

栗子：If you skip breakfast, your metabolism slows down.你如果不吃早饭，新陈代谢速度会减慢。

其形容词形式为metabolic变化的；新陈代谢的。

onward[ˈɒnwəd]，

做形容词，向前的; (旅程) 继续进行的。栗子：From here, it has been onward and upward all the way. 由此开始，它一直在发展、高升。
做副词，向前地; (旅程) 继续进行地。栗子：The bus continued onward.公交车继续前行。

Menopause[ˈmenəpɔːz]，作名词，(女性的) 更年期。

栗子：It looked as if I'd officially entered menopause. 看来我已经正式进入更年期。

根据周四发表在《科学》杂志上的一篇论文，一切都错了。研究人员利用近6,500 人的数据，年龄从 8 天到 95 岁不等，研究人员发现，就新陈代谢而言，生命有四个不同的时期。他们还发现，在控制其他因素后，男性和女性的代谢率并没有真正的差异。

distinct[dɪˈstɪŋkt],做形容词，

有区别的。栗子：The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups. 调查结果分为截然不同的两组。
明显的; 确切的。栗子：There was a distinct smell of gas. 有一股明显的煤气味。

该研究的结果可能会重塑人体生理学，也可能对某些医疗实践产生影响，例如确定适合儿童和老年人的药物剂量。

physiology[ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi],作名词，生理学。

栗子：Physiology is the study of how living things work. 生理学是研究生物功能的学科。

implication[ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn],作名词，

含义，暗示。栗子：He said very little, but a great deal by implication. 她说得很少，但是有很多外之意。
影响。栗子：They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.他们没有考虑到他们的行动会产生更广泛的影响。

“It will be in textbooks,” predicted Leanne Redman, an energy balance physiologist at Pennington Biomedical Research Institute in Baton Rouge, La., who also called it “a pivotal paper.”

“它将出现在教科书中，”路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日的彭宁顿生物医学研究所的能量平衡生理学家利安·雷德曼预测，她还称其为“一篇关键论文”。

pivotal[ˈpɪvətl],做形容词，关键的。

栗子：He has established himself as a pivotal figure in state politics. 他作为国家政治中的一位轴心人物的地位已经确立。

Rozalyn Anderson, a professor of medicine at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who studies aging, wrote a perspective accompanying the paper. In an interview, she said she was“blown away” by its findings. “We will have to revise some of our ideas,” she added.

威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校医学教授罗扎琳·安德森研究衰老，写了一个与论文相配套的观点文章。在一次采访中，她说她对调查结果感到“震惊”。“我们将不得不修改我们的一些想法，”她补充道。

blow away

吹走；驱散。栗子：California could dry up and blow away. 加利福尼亚会干涸掉，然后随风而去。
给…留下深刻印象; 深深打动。栗子：I was blown away by the tone and the quality of the story.我深深地被故事的基调和格调所打动。

revise[rɪˈvaɪz],作动词，修正 (对某事的想法)；调整 (使更合理、实际、准确)。

栗子：With time he came to revise his opinion of the profession.随着时间的推移，他开始修正自己对这一职业的看法。

但该研究结果对公共卫生、饮食和营养的影响目前有限，因为该研究提供了“高度概括的能量代谢视角”，圣路易斯的华盛顿大学医学院人类营养中心的主任塞缪尔·克莱因博士说，但他没有参与这项研究。他补充说，“我认为你不能为个人做出任何新的临床陈述”。他说，当谈到体重增加时，问题与以往一样：人们摄入的卡路里多于燃烧的卡路里。

代谢研究是昂贵的，因此大多数已发表的研究只有很少的参与者。但这项新研究的首席研究员、杜克大学进化人类学家赫尔曼·庞策表示，该项目的参与研究人员同意分享他们的数据。该研究有80多位合著者。通过结合 40 多年来收集的六个实验室的成果，他们获得了足够的信息来获取有关一生中新陈代谢变化的一般问题。

principal[ˈprɪnsəpl],

做形容词，最重要的。栗子：The principal reason for my change of mind is this.我改变主意的最重要原因就是这个。
作名词，校长。栗子：The principal is a very busy woman. 校长是个大忙人。

evolutionary[ˌiːvəˈluːʃənri; ˌevəˈluːʃənri],做形容词，进化的。

栗子：...an evolutionary process.…一个进化过程。

anthropologist[ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst],作名词，人类学家。

栗子：Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. 像人类学家一样观察你的工作环境。

参与该项目的所有研究中心都在使用一种被认为是黄金标准的方法——双标水法——研究代谢率。它涉及通过跟踪一个人在日常活动中呼出的二氧化碳量来测量燃烧的卡路里。

doubly labeled water双标水法

20世纪80年代的人体能量消耗测量技术。

exhale[eksˈheɪl],作动词，呼气。

栗子：Hold your breath for a moment and exhale.屏息一会儿，然后呼气。

研究人员还获得了参与者的身高和体重以及体脂百分比，这使他们能够了解基本的代谢率。当然，一个年龄较小的人会比一个较大的人燃烧更少的卡路里，但是校正尺寸和脂肪百分比后，该小组问道，他们的新陈代谢是否不同？

percent body fat标准身体脂肪比率。

“很明显，我们没有很好地掌握体型如何影响新陈代谢或衰老如何影响新陈代谢，”庞泽博士说。“这些是你认为 100 年前就可以回答的基本问题。”

Central to their findings was that metabolism differs for all people across four distinct stages of life.

他们发现的核心是，在生命的四个不同阶段，所有人的新陈代谢都不同。

• There’s infancy, up until age 1, when calorie burning is at its peak, accelerating until it is 50 percent above the adult rate.

婴儿期到1岁，卡路里燃烧达到顶峰，并加速，直到比成人高出50%的燃烧速度。

infancy[ˈɪnfənsi]，作名词，婴儿期。

栗子：...the development of the mind from infancy onwards.…从婴儿期开始的智力开发。

infant[ˈɪnfənt],作名词，婴儿; 幼儿。

栗子：...holding the infant in his arms.…把婴儿抱在他手里。

• Then, from age 1 to about age 20, metabolism gradually slows by about 3 percent a year.

然后，从 1 岁到 20 岁左右，新陈代谢以每年约 3% 的速度逐渐减慢。

• From age 20 to 60, it holds steady.

从 20 岁到 60 岁，它保持稳定。

• And, after age 60, it declines by about 0.7 percent a year.

而且，在 60 岁之后，它每年下降约 0.7%

Once the researchers controlled for body size and the amount of muscle people have, they also found no differences between men and women.

一旦研究人员控制了人的体型和肌肉量，他们也发现男性和女性之间没有差异。

正如所料，虽然代谢率模式适用于大众人群，但个体各不相同。有些人的代谢率比他们年龄的平均水平低 25%，而其他人的代谢率比预期高 25%。但这些异常值并没有改变总模式，反映在多年的代谢率轨迹图表中。

vary[ˈveəri],作动词，

各不相同。栗子：As they're handmade, each one varies slightly.由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。
变化; 使变化。栗子：Prices vary according to the quantity ordered. 价格根据所订数量而变化。

outlier[ˈaʊtlaɪə(r)],作名词，

离开主体的人（或物），局外人（远离业务、职务）。栗子：Britain, as ever, is an outlier. 英国依旧是局外人。
（统计）异常值。栗子：Thus, there is not a sharp distinction between outlier and non-outlier.离群值与非离群值之间并没有明显的区别。

trajectory[trəˈdʒektəri],作名词，轨迹。

栗子：...a relentlessly upward career trajectory....一个持续上升的职业轨迹。

雷德曼博士指出，新论文中描述的四个代谢生命周期表明“每磅的能量消耗率不是恒定不变的”。比率取决于年龄。这与她和其他营养科学界人士长期以来的假设背道而驰。

depict[dɪˈpɪkt],作动词，描绘。

栗子：The media depict him as a left-wing bogeyman. 媒体把他描绘成一个左翼怪物。

constant[ˈkɒnstənt],做形容词，

常发生的; 常存在的。栗子：Inflation is a constant threat.通货膨胀是一种持续的威胁。
(在某时段内) 保持不变的。栗子：The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Alaska. 天气在阿拉斯加是一个永恒的交谈话题。

expenditure[ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)],作名词，花销; 支出。

栗子：You must ask permission for all major expenditure. 一切重大开支均须报请批准。

counter[ˈkaʊntə(r)],该词意思较多，名词意思包括“柜台；计数器；抵消物”。动词意思包括“抵消; 抗衡”。副词意思为“反方向地；背道而驰地”。在这里作副词用。

栗子：And it doesn't run counter to the goals of public education. 它没有与公共教育的目标背道而驰。

longstanding[ˌlɒŋˈstændɪŋ],形容词，长期存在的；长时间的。

栗子：He also broke with longstanding rules of fiscal prudence. 他同时也打破了长期以来实行的稳健的财政政策。

assumption[əˈsʌmpʃn],作名词，假设。

栗子：His actions were based on a false assumption. 他的行为基于错误的设想。

一生中新陈代谢的轨迹以及异常值的个体将开启许多研究问题。例如，新陈代谢高于或低于预期的人有什么特征，与肥胖有关系吗？

obesity[əʊˈbiːsəti],作名词，肥大，肥胖。

栗子：Obesity can increase the risk of heart disease. 肥胖会增加患心脏病的危险。

最让庞泽博士感到惊讶的发现之一是婴儿的新陈代谢。例如，他预计新生儿的新陈代谢率会很高。毕竟，生物学的一般规则是较小的动物比较大的动物燃烧卡路里更快。

相反，庞策尔博士说，在生命的第一个月，婴儿的新陈代谢率与他们的母亲相同。但在婴儿出生后不久，他说，“一些东西开始起作用，新陈代谢率开始上升。”

kick in开始生效。

栗子：Reforms will kick in later this year. 改革将于今年下半年开始见效。

The group also expected the metabolism of adults to start slowing when they were in their 40s or, for women, with the onset of menopause.

该小组还预计成年人的新陈代谢会在 40 多岁时开始减慢，对于女性而言，随着更年期的开始而减慢。

onset[ˈɒnset],作名词，开始，着手。

栗子：Most of the passes have been closed with the onset of winter. 随着冬天的来临，大多数的关卡都已经关闭。

But, Dr. Pontzer said, “we just didn’t see that.”

但，庞泽博士说，“我们只没看到这一点。”

The metabolic slowing that starts around age 60 results in a 20 percent decline in the metabolic rate by age 95.

从60岁左右开始的代谢减慢导致到95岁时代谢率下降 20%。

Dr. Klein said that although people gain on average more than a pound and a half a year during adulthood, they can no longer attribute it to slowing metabolisms.

克莱因博士说，虽然人们在成年期平均每年体重增加超过1.5磅，但他们不能再将其归因于新陈代谢减慢。

attribute to把…归因于。

栗子：A lot of it you can attribute to the beautiful weather. 你可以把大部分原因归功于好天气。

克莱因博士说，心脏、肝脏、肾脏和大脑的能量需求占静息代谢率的 65%，尽管它们仅占体重的5%。他补充说，60岁后新陈代谢变慢可能意味着随着年龄的增长，重要器官的功能会越来越差。这可能是慢性病最常发生在老年人身上的原因之一。

resting metabolic rate静息代谢率。

静息代谢率即RMR是测定维持人体正常功能和体内稳态，再加上交感神经系统活动所消耗的能量。

constitute[ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt],作动词，构成。

栗子：China's ethnic minorities constitute less than 7 percent of its total population. 中国的少数民族构成总人口的不到7%。

=account for

chronic[ˈkrɒnɪk]，做形容词，慢性的; 长期的。

栗子：He experiences chronic,

almost pathological jealousy. 他经受着长期的、近乎病态的嫉妒。

Even college students might see the effects of the metabolic shift around age 20, Dr. Klein said.“When they finish college they are burning fewer calories than when they started.”

克莱因博士说，即使是大学生也可能在 20 岁左右看到代谢转变的影响。 “大学毕业后，他们燃烧的卡路里比刚上大学时要少。

shift[ʃɪft],作动词/名词，转变。

栗子：We need to shift the focus of this debate. 我们需要转换一下辩论的焦点。

And around age 60, no matter how young people look, they are changing in a fundamental way.

而在60岁左右，无论年轻人看起来如何，他们都在发生根本性的变化。

“There is a myth of retaining youth,” Dr.Anderson said. “That’s not what the biology says. In and around age 60, things start to change.”

“有一个留住青春的神话，”安德森博士说。 “生物学上不是这么说的。在 60 岁左右，情况开始发生变化。”

There is a time point when things are no longer as they used to be.”

有一个时间点，事情不再像以前那样了。”