中国的经济发展备受世界瞩目，无论是从发展速度还是发展质量来说都是世界的一大奇迹；同样作为人口大国的印度时刻想与我国做方方面面的比较，然而让他们疑惑的是他们一直很难追赶上中国的步伐。在海外版知乎平台Quora上，有印度网友提出：我们劳动力廉价，为什么中国的制造成本比我们还要低？这引起了大量印度网友和美国学者的关注。
问题：我们劳动力廉价，为什么中国的制造成本比我们还要低
锐安：MetaFuro创始人兼首席执行官
The short answer is simply that Scale Matters.
简单地说，规模很重要。
Scale —— scale is very important!I can't stress that too much.Manufacturing is a constant and repetitive process to produce products.The expansion of the manufacturing scale allows you to spread out fixed and indirect expenses on an overall basis.China has done a good job of creating large-scale models in a wide range of manufacturing sectors, and India's outdated regulatory framework actually prevents entrepreneurs from expanding, effectively preventing any chance of success in exceptionally competitive global markets.
规模——规模很重要!这一点我再怎么强调也不为过。制造是一种永远都在不停地生产产品的过程。制造规模的扩大能够让你在整体的基础上分散固定和间接费用。中国在广范围的制造业领域创造大规模的模式方面做得很好，而印度过时的监管框架实际上阻碍了企业家扩大规模，有效地阻止了他们在竞争异常激烈的全球市场上获得成功的任何机会。
Clustering-China encourages the development of manufacturing clusters where suppliers, professional services and financing (formal and informal) come together to create a competitive and intense environment of cooperation that enables manufacturers to shorten development cycles, improve efficiency or product quality over time.
集群化—中国鼓励制造业集群的发展，在这些集群中，供应商、专业服务和融资(正式的和非正式的)都紧挨在一起，创造一种激烈竞争和合作的环境，使制造商能够缩短开发周期，提高效率或随着时间的推移提高产品质量。
Labor Cost —— Although Chinese manufacturing costs almost four times more than India, its productivity is also significantly higher than —— and productivity is what really matters.China's productivity strengths come from better human capital (education, training, etc.), more invested capital (e. g., machines automating certain repetitive tasks), and more advanced manufacturing processes (e. g., experience).Another note for exporters is that labor represents a very small percentage of total costs.
劳动力成本——尽管中国制造业的劳动力成本几乎是印度的四倍，但它的生产率也明显更高——而生产率才是真正重要的。中国的生产力优势来自于更好的人力资本(教育、培训等)、更多地投入资本(例如，自动化某些重复性任务的机器)和更先进的制造工艺(例如经验)。对出口企业来说，另一个值得注意的是，劳动力在总成本中所占的比例非常小。
Land acquisition —— preferential policies related to land acquisition make it easier for Chinese entrepreneurs to locate and build large factories.In sharp contrast, in India, investment projects are often shelved or cancelled due to the lack of the ability to acquire large enough land.You can't simply divide your plant into two parts and expect the same level of efficiency.Scale is very important!
征地——有关征地的优惠政策使中国企业家更容易选址和建立大型工厂。与此形成鲜明对比的是，在印度，投资项目经常被搁置或取消，原因是缺乏获得足够大的土地的能力。你不能简单地把你的工厂分成两部分，并且期望得到同样的效率。规模很重要!
Infrastructure and Logistics —— China has done a good job in providing relatively efficient and low-cost transportation, electricity and energy, especially in export processing areas near major ports.Clearly, this is another area where India needs to invest in.
基础设施和物流——中国在提供相对高效和低成本的运输、电力和能源方面做得很好，特别是在主要港口附近的出口加工区。显然，这是印度需要投资的另一个领域。
Taxation-Another area to supporting its export sector is the reduction and simplification of Taxation, particularly in special economic zones.China also has a unified tax system, which eliminates the bottleneck between states and provinces that you often see in India.
税收- -支持其出口部门的另一个领域是减少和简化税收，特别是在经济特区。中国还有统一的税收制度，这消除了你经常在印度看到的邦与省之间的瓶颈。
The issue of macro-stability —— leads to the monetary issue, which I think is part of a larger category: the overall macroeconomic environment.Money is really important, but more importantly, whether you have a policy to keep your currency "undervalued" rather than being part of a broader framework that emphasizes that investors and entrepreneurs need to work at a minimum level that can maximize their full potential.
宏观稳定——这个问题引出了货币问题，我认为这是一个更大范畴的一部分:总体宏观经济环境。货币确实很重要，但更重要的是，你是否有一项政策来保持你的货币“被低估”，而不是成为一个更广泛框架的一部分，该框架强调投资者和企业家需要在能够最大限度发挥其全部潜力的最低水平上发挥作用。
For India, some of these factors are easy to overcome and some are more difficult.Some projects have already been conducted under the Modi government, but others are hampered by divisive politics in the country.
对印度来说，这些因素中有些很容易克服，有些则比较困难。一些项目已经在莫迪政府的领导下进行，但其他项目则受到了该国分裂政治的阻碍。
I would like to add that I think the best way in the future is cooperation, not competition, especially in manufacturing.In modern times, global trade and manufacturing are not zero-sum games: India's gains are not China's losses, and vice versa.In fact, the only country capable of filling the gap in China while moving up the value chain is India.If the two countries can find a complementary way of cooperation, it will be possible to determine the world economic order of this century.
我还想补充一点，我认为两国未来最好的方式是合作，而不是竞争，特别是在制造业方面。在现代，全球贸易和制造业不是零和游戏:印度的收益不是中国的损失，反之亦然。事实上，在中国向价值链上游移动的过程中，唯一有能力填补中国空缺的国家是印度。如果两国能够找到一种互补性的合作方式，将有可能决定本世纪的世界经济秩序。
阿比西纳：德勤RPA顾问
I was part member of the Deloitte team who did a study "Manufacturing Business Regulatory Environmental Survey-State-Level Assessment."We visited all 28 states and talked to hundreds of industrialists about their problems (I visited 5 states myself).Accenture (Accenture), Bain (Bain), KPMG (KPMG), and Ernst & Young (EY) have made similar reports.Ernst & Young has worked particularly well in Rajasthan.Accenture's report is a good summary.I answer your question with my experience and what I know (the following points are personal, not Deloitte).
我是德勤团队的一员，他们做了一项研究“制造业商业监管环境调查-州一级评估”。我们访问了所有的28个州，并与数百名工业家谈论了他们的问题(我自己访问了5个州)。埃森哲(Accenture)、贝恩(Bain)、毕马威(KPMG)和安永(EY)也做了类似的报告。安永在拉贾斯坦邦的工作尤其出色。埃森哲的报告是一个很好的总结。我就以我的经验和所了解到的回答你的问题(以下观点是我个人的，而不是德勤的)。
Poor infrastructure: This increases the cost of doing business.For example, it is cheaper and faster to ship one container from Singapore to Chennai than transport the same container from Chennai via road / rail to Mumbai.
基础设施差:这增加了做生意的成本。例如，将一个集装箱从新加坡船运到钦奈，比将同一个集装箱从钦奈通过公路/铁路运输到孟买更便宜和更快。
Unreasonable pricing of key inputs: Populist governments (including central and state governments) cross-subsidize consumers by charging higher prices to industry.Example: India has one of the highest railway freight rates (the Indian passenger train ticket is one of the cheapest).Industrial electricity prices in India remain at extreme levels to offset the loss of subsidized electricity to consumers.
关键是投入的不合理定价:民粹主义政府(包括中央政府和联邦政府)通过向工业收取更高的价格来交叉补贴消费者。例如:印度的铁路运费是最高的之一(印度的客运火车票是最便宜的之一)。印度的工业电价维持在极高水平，以抵消向消费者提供补贴电力的损失。
High land cost: India has a high population density and low land ownership per capita, so people are generally reluctant to give up their land.Moreover, uneducated farmers (who own most of the land in India) gain a sense of security from the land (because they do not have the skills to get well-paid jobs).Most of India has fertile reland which is more valuable to farmers.Finally, the link between the land Mafia and politicians (middlemen) further increases the cost of the land.
土地成本高:印度人口密度高，人均土地占有量少，人们一般不愿意放弃土地。此外，未受过教育的农民(在印度拥有大部分土地)从土地中获得了一种安全感(因为他们不具备获得高薪工作的技能)。印度大部分地区都有肥沃的复种土地，这对农民来说更有价值。最后，土地黑手党和政客(中间人)之间的联系进一步增加了土地的成本。
Skills shortage: Despite India's large population, average education and skills are very low.Only a small number of people have received proper vocational training.As a result, most people have no work.This makes skilled people paid very high, with experienced steel mill welders paid Rs 90,000 rupees (about 7,660 yuan), much higher than engineers!Skilled long-distance truck drivers are paid Rs 40,000 yuan (about 3,400 yuan). The —— is also much higher than the junior engineers.
技能短缺:尽管印度人口众多，但平均教育水平和技能水平非常低。只有一小部分人得到了适当的职业培训。结果，大多数人都没有工作。这使得那些有技能的人的工资非常高，钢铁厂有经验的焊工的工资是9万卢比（大概7660元人民币），比工程师高得多!熟练的长途卡车司机的工资为4万卢比（大概3400元人民币）——同样比初级工程师高得多。
Abverse law: Example: 1. The MNREGA (Employment Security Act) makes a large proportion of people choosing to stay in their villages rather than trying to find jobs in factories.How the government can link wages to jobs, rather than thinking that money should be paid for free, will liberate labor for industry.2. The Industrial Dispute Law is the most regressive labor law in the world.This basically means that if your production unit has more than 100 workers, you can't fire anyone (even if the worker sleeps / doesn't do any work).So, when an employee stops working, the company will pay a high price.
反常的法律:例子:1。MNREGA（就业保障法）导致很大一部分人选择留在他们的村庄，而不是试图去工厂中找工作。如何政府能够把工资和工作挂钩，而不是认为应该免费发钱，那将为工业解放劳动力。2. 《工业纠纷法》是世界上最倒退的劳动法。这基本上意味着，如果你的生产单位有超过100名工人，你不能解雇任何人(即使工人睡觉/不做任何工作)。因此，当一名员工停止工作时，公司将付出高昂的代价。
Cost of credit: Due to high inflation (especially during UPA 2), interest rates in India have remained high for a long period.
信贷成本:由于高通胀(特别是在UPA 2年期间)，印度的利率长期保持在高水平。
Corruption: In India, building / operating a factory is a nightmare (for example, compared to building a software company).All state government departments demanded bribes in exchange for various permits.The most serious offenders are the Department of Environmental Protection (especially if you belong to the "orange" / "red" industry), labor departments, and tax authorities.You must even pay a bribe for your boiler safety check, for your weight and measure approved!(Most of these inspectors do not enter your factory.They will go straight to your office "fix").
腐败:在印度，建立/运营一个工厂是一场噩梦(例如，与建立一个软件公司相比)。所有联邦政府部门都要求贿赂以换取各种许可。最严重的违规者是环境保护部门(特别是如果你属于“橙色”/“红色”行业)、劳工部门和税务部门。你甚至必须行贿，让你的锅炉安全检查，让你的重量和措施批准!(这些检查员大多数都不进你们的工厂。他们会直接到你的办公室“解决”)。
Tax system: Numerous central, state, and local taxes mean you fill out dozens of forms, submit dozens of returns, pay a chartered accountant, and dozens of visits to the tax authorities to bribe dozens of different officials.Moreover, it increases the cost of road transport (due to border inspections and bribery of —— for states imposing an import tax).Finally, the GST [excise tax] will completely address this problem!
税收制度:众多的中央、州和地方税收意味着你要填写数十份表格，提交数十份申报表，每次支付特许会计师，以及数十次访问税务部门，向数十名不同的官员行贿。此外，它还增加了公路运输的成本(由于边境的检查和贿赂——对征收进口税的邦来说)。最后，GST[消费税]将彻底解决这个问题!
System: China can communicate and coordinate the whole villages to build expressways and factories.They can easily pass a new law / change an old law to make industrialists better.In India's system, protests, debates, arguments, investigations, commissions and political opposition are in the way of everything.Example: 1. Pohang Iron is the largest single foreign direct investment in India's history.Ten years later, they still had no land due to the protests.2. Green NGOs are basically associated with the political mafia, who harass the industrialists until they / their political owners are paid.
制度:中国可以沟通协调好后让整个村庄搬迁来建高速公路和工厂。他们可以很容易地通过一项新法律/改变一项旧法律，从而使实业家的日子好过一些。在印度的制度中，抗议、辩论、争论、调查、委员会和政治反对派阻碍了一切。例子:1。浦项制铁是印度历史上最大的单一外商直接投资。由于抗议，10年后他们仍然没有土地。2. 绿色非政府组织基本上与政治黑手党有联系，他们骚扰实业家，直到他们/他们的政治主人得到报酬。
Other factors: (a) The slow legal system leads to the difficulty of contract implementation.(b) Getting a building permit in India is one of the slowest and most corrupt processes in the world.(c) Getting industrial power connections in some states takes more than three months of a bribe (although not in all states).
其他因素:(a)法律制度缓慢导致合同执行困难。(b)在印度获得建筑许可是世界上最漫长、最腐败的过程之一。(c)在一些邦获得工业电力连接需要3个月以上的贿赂(尽管不是在所有邦)。
You will notice that most of the above 10 points don’t affect the services sector. This explains why the IT sector has done so well in India.
你会注意到上面的10点大部分都不会影响到服务业。这解释了为什么印度的IT行业表现如此出色。
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