1. 表示“选择，可供选择的事物”
alternative, choice, option
【句型】have no alternative/choice/option but to do sth.
I had no alternative but to report him to the police. 我别无选择，只好向警察举报他。
2. 表示“虽然…，但是”让步意义的词汇
although, though, as, while, despite, in spite of
【注意】
(1) as 引导让步状语从句，须用于倒装语序。把句中的表语、状语提到句首。
Tired as he was, he sat up late. 虽然他累了，但他还是熬夜到很晚。
(2) While 引导的让步状语从句，通常置于句首。
While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.
虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形状。
3. 表示“方式、方法”
way, method, approach, means, mode, manner, technique
(1) method 指有计划地做某事的方法，尤指很多人都知道并经常使用的方法。
This is an effective method for Chinese students to learn English well.
这是中国学生学好英语的一种有效的方法。
(2) approach 尤指经过深思熟虑或精心计划的方法，常后接介词 to 。
His new approach to teaching English was very popular among the students.
他的新英语教学法很受学生欢迎。
(3) manner 指做某事或某事发生的方式，通常只用单数。
I had hoped you would behave in a more responsible manner.
我曾希望你会表现得更负责些。
(4) means 手段，方法。单复数同形。
Physical punishment should not be used as a means of controlling children.
体罚不应该作为约束儿童的手段。
(5) mode 指行为、生活或做某事的方式，多因习惯、传统或习俗而形成，有时含刻板之意。
They have a relaxed mode of life that suits them well. 他们过着悠闲的生活，很适合他们。western mode of thought 西方思想方式
(6) technique 需要通过学习和实践才能获得的技巧，方法。
More patients are surviving thanks to improved surgical techniques.
由于外科技术的提高，更多患者保住了生命。
4. 否定意义副词：几乎不
barely, hardly, scarcely
【固定句型】“刚…，就…”
雨刚停，太阳就出来了。
The rain had hardly/barely/scarcely stopped when the sun came out.
Hardly/Barely/Scarcely had the rain stopped when the sun came out.
The rain had no sooner stopped than the sun came out.
No sooner had the rain stopped than the sun came out.
【强调三点】
（1）搭配：注意副词（词组）与从属连词的搭配。
（2）时态：通常情况下，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
（3）倒装：当否定意义的词（组）在句首时，主句用部分倒装语序。参考上面例句。
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