第九讲 代词的定义代词(pronoun/pron.)：代词又叫代名词，是用来代替名词以及名词性短语、分句或句子的词代词包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、 关系代词、连接代词代词如we , it, his, myself，this, which, what, all, that代词可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等，下面我们就来聊聊关于英语代词考点梳理?接下来我们就一起去了解一下吧!
英语代词考点梳理
第九讲 代词的定义
代词(pronoun/pron.)：代词又叫代名词，是用来代替名词以及名词性短语、分句或句子的词。代词包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、 关系代词、连接代词代词。如we , it, his, myself，this, which, what, all, that。代词可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
He likes all of them. 人称-主，不定-宾，人称-宾
Help yourself please. 反身-宾语
This is Mike. 指示-主
--Who is it? -- It’s me. 疑问-主，人称-表；人称-主，人称-表
His name is Bob. 物主-定
The book that I’m reading is interesting. 关系-从宾
I know what you like best. 连接-从宾
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第十讲 人称代词(personal pronoun)
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
|
单 数 |
人称 |
主格 |
宾格 |
形容物代 |
名词物代 |
反身代词 |
|
第一人称 |
I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself | |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourself | |
|
第三人称 |
he |
him |
his |
his |
himself | |
|
she |
her |
her |
hers |
herself | ||
|
it |
it |
its |
its |
itself | ||
|
复数 |
第一人称 |
we |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourselves | |
|
第三人称 |
they |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
人称代词是代替人和事物的名称的代词,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
单数形式：I-me, you-you, he-him, she-her, it-it
复数形式：we-us, you-you, they-them 1、主格用来作句子的主语。如：
I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物。)
Are you from Brazil?(你是巴西人吗？)
2、宾格用作宾语和表语。如：
Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)
Help me!(救救我！)
We often write letters to her.(我们常给她写信。)
That’s it.(就那么回事)
It’s me!(是我！)
3、人称代词单独使用时，一般用宾格。如：
--I’d like to go there. --Me, too.
-You’re supposed to help Jack. –Why me?
4、多个人称代词并列时，顺序是：
单数形式（ 2，3，1 ） you，he and I // you, him and me
复数形式（ 1，2，3 ） we，you and they // us, you and them
You, he and I should work together.
He wants us and you to go there.
但是，如果需要承担责任，应第一人称放在前面。
I and he broke the window.
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第十一讲 物主代词(possessive pronoun)
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
|
单 数 |
人称 |
主格 |
宾格 |
形容物代 |
名词物代 |
反身代词 |
|
第一人称 |
I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself | |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourself | |
|
第三人称 |
he |
him |
his |
his |
himself | |
|
she |
her |
her |
hers |
herself | ||
|
it |
it |
its |
its |
itself | ||
|
复数 |
第一人称 |
we |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourselves | |
|
第三人称 |
they |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
物主代词，是表示所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。
1、形容词性物主代词在句中作定语修饰名词，一般不单独使用;
名词性物主代词，用来避免重复前面提到的名词，相当于“形容词性物主代词 前面的名词” ，可以充当主语、宾语、表语等。
Who is your uncle?
---This is my dictionary. Where is yours (=your dictionary) ?
---It’s over there, on the bed.
---Tom, is this your pen? ---Yes, it’s mine (=my pen) .
2、物主代词不可与 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起放在名词前，修饰一个名词，有这些词时，须用双重所有格。构成形式: …of 名词性物主代词。类似于“of 名词所有格”，表示部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。
He is a friend of mine.
These children of hers are so lovely.
I won’t answer any question of theirs.
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第十二讲 反身代词(reflexive pronoun)
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
|
单 数 |
人称 |
主格 |
宾格 |
形容物代 |
名词物代 |
反身代词 |
|
第一人称 |
I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself | |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourself | |
|
第三人称 |
he |
him |
his |
his |
himself | |
|
she |
her |
her |
hers |
herself | ||
|
it |
it |
its |
its |
itself | ||
|
复数 |
第一人称 |
we |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
|
第二人称 |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourselves | |
|
第三人称 |
they |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
反身代词，又叫自身代词，是表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词。英语中共有八个反身代词：
I-myself, you-yourself, he-himself, she-herself, it-itself;
we- ourselves, you-yourselves, they-themselves
【用法】
1. 作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
Maria bought herself a scarf.
We must look after ourselves very well.
2. 作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。
She isn’t quite herself today. （她今天身体不太舒服。）
3. 作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。如：
She herself will fly to London tomorrow.
I met the writer himself last week.
4. 常用在一些固定短语当中。
look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己
teach oneself sth./ learn sth. by oneself自学
enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快
help oneself to sth 请自用...（随便吃/喝些...）.
【注意】
1. 反身代词不能做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。
I myself can finish my homework.
I can finish my homework myself. 我自己能完成作业。
2. 反身代词没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，要用one’s own. 如：
I’m drawing with my own crayons. 我用我自己的蜡笔画画。
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第十三讲 指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)
指示代词，是指代或标记人或事物的代词，表示“这个/这些、那个/那些”。常见的有this, these; that, those。在句中可作定语、主语、宾语、表语等。另外，such, the same也可用作指示代词。
指示代词的用法：
(1) this /these 时空近指或者指后面要讲到的事；that / those 时空远指或者指前面刚刚提过的事。如：
This is Tom and that is his brother.
Please remember this：No pains, no gains. 不劳则无获。
He was ill. That was why he didn’t go to school.
(2) 打电话时用 this 指自己，用that 指对方。如
Hello! This is Mike speaking. Who is that speaking？
你好！我是迈克。你是哪位？
(3) 为避免重复前文提到过的名词，用that指代不可数名词或单数可数名词(物)，those指代复数可数名词(人或物)。
The air in the countryside is fresher than that in cities.
The books on the table are newer than those in my schoolbag.
This dress is larger than that on the top hanger.
(4) such的用法
指代上文提到的人或物，意为“那样的，类似的”；指代下文提到的人或物，意为“这样的，下述一类的”
Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。 作主语
We were second-class citizens and they treated us as such .
我们是二等公民，他们也就这样对待我们。指前文，作宾语
The damage was such that it would cost thousands to repair.
损坏严重，要修好就得花几千块钱。指后文，作表语
(5)the same的用法
指刚刚提到过得同一个或同样的人或物。
-- Merry Christmas!
--The same to you! 主语
I would do the same again. 我愿再做同样的事。宾语
I think the same as you do about this.
在这件事上，我的想法和你一样。 宾语，注意和as连用
His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。 表语
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第十四讲 疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)
疑问代词，是用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词。可充当的句子成分如下表。
|
疑问代词 |
用法 |
例句 |
|
who |
主语\表语\宾语(口语中, 不能放在介词后) |
Who wants to go with me? 主 Who are you talking to? 宾 |
|
whom |
who 的宾格，作宾语 |
Whom are you talking to? 宾 |
|
whose |
who 的所有格，作主、表、宾、定 |
Whose book is this? 定 Whose is this book? 表 |
|
what |
主语、表语、宾语、定语 |
What makes you think that? 主 What’s your father? 表 What are you doing? 宾 What colour do you like? 定 |
|
which |
主语、宾语、定语 |
Which is more interesting? 主 Which do you like better? 宾 Which one do you like best? 定 |
1．who，what的区别
一般来说，who问的是姓名或身份；what问职业。如：
—Who is that man? —那个人是谁?
—He is her husband．—是她的丈夫。
—What is the man over there? —在那儿的那个人是干什么的?
—He is a doctor． —他是医生。
2．what, which的区别
what是在未知范围内进行选择，不可跟of短语；which是在已知范围内进行选择，后面可跟of短语。
What do you want to read?(无范围) 你想看／读什么?
Which (of the animals) is bigger，an elephant or a horse?(有范围) 大象和马，哪个更大?
3．Whatever，whichever，whoever等的用法
whatever，whichever，whoever分别为what，which，who的强调形式，相当于what／which／who on earth意为：到底(究竟)什么／哪一个／谁；或相当于no matter what/ which/ who 无论什么/哪个/谁。如：
Whatever do you want?你到底想要什么?
Whoever gave you the book?究竟谁给你的书?
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你和谁结婚，要确认他会做饭。
Whatever you say, I don’t think he’s the right man for you.无论你说什么，我都认为他对你不合适。
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第十五讲 不定代词概述(indefinite pronoun)
不定代词，是不明确指代特定人或物的代词。不定代词可以代替名词和形容词，可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
根据不同的标准，不定代词可分为若干类，具体见下表：
|
分类标准 |
代 词 | ||
|
按功 能分 |
起指代作用 |
someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,everyone, everybody,everything,no one, nobody, nothing, none | |
|
起限定作用 |
every, no | ||
|
指代限定兼有 |
each,other another,either,neither,all,both,many,much,some,any, few,little,a few,a little one | ||
|
按可不可数分 |
可数 |
every,each,one,another,either,neither,both,many,few,a few,no one | |
|
不可数 |
much,little, a little | ||
|
兼有 |
no, all, none,some,any,other | ||
|
按 构 成 分 |
普通不定代词 |
every,each,one,another,either,neither,both,many,few,a few, little, a little, much, no, all, none,some,any,other 19个 | |
|
复合不定代词 |
some-类 |
someone,somebody,something | |
|
any-类 |
anyone,anybody,anything | ||
|
every-类 |
everyone,everybody,everything | ||
|
no-类 |
no one, nobody, nothing 12个 | ||
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第十六讲 不定代词some与 any
some 多用于肯定句, 可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
1. 与不可数名词或复数可数名词连用，意为“一些，若干”
Look! Some boys are playing football.
There's still some wine in the bottle.
Have some more vegetables.
2. 与单数名词连用，表示未确指的人、地、事物或时间：“某个”
There must be some mistake.
He's in some kind of trouble.
He will be famous some day.
any多用于疑问句、否定句、条件句中以及if/whether等后。但在问对方态度，表示请求、建议的疑问句中用some。
I don’t like any of them.
I haven’t any money with me.
There aren’t any students in the classroom.
--Would you like some coffee? -- Yes, please.
在肯定句中， any意为“任何一个”，用单数，
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
Ask any doctor—they’ll all tell you that alcohol is a poison.
--When shall I come? --Any time
Take any book you like.
Any colour will do.
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第十七讲 不定代词a few, few; a little, little
few和a few代替或修饰可数名词(复数), little和a little代替或修饰不可数名词；few和little表示否定意义，a few和a little表示肯定意义。
|
few |
a few |
可数复数 |
|
little |
a little |
不可数 |
|
否定意味 |
肯定意味 |
It is very difficult, and few people understand it.
它很难，没有几个人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it.
他虽难，但是有些人懂。
Don’t worry, we have a little time left.
Hurry up, we have little time left.
只能说only a few， only a little；不能说only few，only little。
Don't hurry .There is a little time left.
Hurry up. There is little time left.
Hurry up. There is only a little time left. 都对。
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第十八讲 不定代词 many与much
many 指代或修饰可数名词复数, much指代或修饰不可数名词，二者都可以与表示程度的副词so , too , how连用。
There are too many mistakes in your exercises .
How many bottles of water do you need ？
He has too much homework to do.
-How much money have you got? -I’ve got plenty.
肯定句中的very much是副词，不是限定词。比较：
I like it very much.
Thank you very much.
There’s a lot of water coming under the door.
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第十九讲 不定代词all 和both
(1) all可指代或修饰可数名词复数，表示三个或三个以上的人或物“都”，也可指代或修饰不可数名词；both仅指代或修饰可数名词复数，指两个人或物“都”，表示复数概念。all of、both of后跟名词时，of可以省去。但后跟宾格代词时，of不可省。all和both在句中均可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。
I have two sisters. Both of them are students. both为主语
There are five books on the table. They are all my father’s.
all为同位语
Both /All of us want to go. 我们都想去。 主语
I like both/ all of you. 我都喜欢你们。 宾语
I like you both/all. 同位语
Both my sisters live in London. 定语
All the students passed the exam. 定语
(2) both和all在句中的位置一般是刑前毙后，即行为动词之前，be动词、情态动词、助动词之后。但是在简答语中二者都不可置于句末。
We both/all like him.
We are both/all here. 我们都来了。
We should both/all do our best.
We have both seen the movie.
--Were you all present at the meeting?
--Yes, we all were.
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第二十讲 either与neither
1.用作代词。
either (两者中的) 任何一个；(两者中的)每个，各方
You can park on either side of the street. 这条街两边都可停车。
比较：There are trees on both sides of the street.
neither两者都不。单数概念。
Neither of the books is good.
2.用作副词。
either也（不），用于否定句中。
I don’t like fishing, David doesn’t like fishing, either.
我不喜欢钓鱼，大卫也不喜欢。
neither/ nor也不；肯定形式表示否定含义。
He can’t swim, and neither / nor can I. 他不会游泳，我也不会。
3. 用作连词
either…or…要么…要么…; …neither…nor…既不…也不…
常用来连接两个并列成分，连接并列主语时，谓语动词按就近原则，与离它近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
Either Mary or her parents are coming．不是玛丽来，就是她父母来。
Either her parents or Mary is coming. 要么她父母要么玛丽来。
Neither Mary nor her parents are coming. 玛丽不来，她父母也不来。
Neither her parents nor Mary is coming．玛丽的父母和她都不来。
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.
你要么马上走，要么等到明天。
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第二十一讲 不定代词each 与every
1) each强调个体概念； every 强调全体的概念。each指两个或两个以上的人/物；every 指三个或三个以上的人/ 物。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
2) each可起指代和限定作用；every只起限定作用，不可单用。
Each of the boys has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Every student has to take one.
3) each作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
Each of my children goes to a different school．
我的几个孩子各自在不同的学校上学。
Each of the tickets costs 10 dollars.=Each ticket costs 10 dollars.=The tickets cost 10 dollars each.=The tickets each cost 10 dollars．每张票10美元。(后两句中each作同位语)
4) each和not连用表全部否定；every与not连用，表部分否定。可以说not every…, 不可说not each…。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
Every man is not honest. =Not every man is honest.
并非每个人都诚实。
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第二十二讲 不定代词 another, other, others, the other, the others
another pron./adj. 泛指，
(1)单数意义， 指(三个以上)不定数目中的“另一个、再一个”。 既可用作代词单独作主语、宾语等，也可用作形容词后跟单数的名词或代词。
(2)若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，则可接复数名词.
I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another (one)?
He drank another glass of beer. 他又喝了一杯啤酒。 Have another piece of cake. 再吃一块蛋糕。
I’ve got another three minutes. 我还有三分钟。
other adj.
泛指 “另外的”， 只作定语，常与复数名词连用；但如果前面有the, some, any, each, every, no, my, your, his等时，则可与单数名词连用。other 复数名词=others “别的人/物”，表泛指；There are other ways to do /of doing this exercise. 做这个练习还可用别的方法。
We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.
My other sister is a doctor. 我的另一个妹妹是医生。
I can't see you now─ some other time , maybe. ( 不可数名词)
我现在不能见你——也许别的时候吧。
others pron. 复数意义，用作代词，其后不能再接名词/代词。
(1)意思是“别的人/物”，相当于“other 复数名词”。表泛指。
Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。
He died so that others might live. 他牺牲了自己使别人能够活下来。
Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总是乐于助人。
(2)可以构成“some…, others…”结构， others 意为“另一些，还有一些”。
Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
Some boys are reading; others are listening to the radio. 有些孩子在阅读,有些则在听收音机。
the other(…) pron./ det.
(1)特指两个中的“另一个” 。既可用作代词单独作主语、宾语等，也可用作形容词后跟单数的名词或代词。
We have two daughter. One is a teacher and the other is a doctor. (代词)
These shoes do not match; one is large and the other one is small. (形容词)
注意，如果表示某人两个当中另外一个…，可以用my/your other …
My other sister is a doctor.我的另一个妹妹是医生。
(2) the other 复数名词，表特指，“其余的人/物”， 相当于the others.
I was tired and the other team members are tired, too.
(3)the other day/night 等，表示“几天前，几天前的一个晚上”等。
I bought a pair of sports shoes the other day. 前几天我买了双运动鞋。
the others pron. 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”。相当于“the other＋复数名词”.
I was tired, and so were the others. 我累了，其他人也一样。
He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更细心。
Five of the books are mine, the others are my father’s.
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|
不定代词 |
意义 |
用法说明 |
|
other |
另外的，泛指 |
只作定语，常与复数名词连用；但如果前面有the, some, any, each, every, no, my, your, his等，则可与单数名词连用 |
|
the other |
两个中另一个; 两部分中另一部分 |
常与one连用，构成“one…,the other…”; 作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“其余全部”，相当于the others. |
|
others |
另一些，泛指 |
泛指别的人或物，但不是全部，不能作定语，可以构成“some…, others…”结构 |
|
the others |
其余的 |
特指其余所有的人或物 |
|
another |
另一个，泛指 |
泛指“另一个”，用作限定词或代词；可以构成“another 数词 复数” |
We study Chinese, math, English and other subjects.
My other sister is a doctor. 我的另一个妹妹是医生。
We have two daughter. One is a teacher and the other is a doctor.
Lei Feng is always ready to help others.
Some say yes, and others say no.
Five of the books are mine, the others are my father’s.
Have another piece of cake. 再吃一块蛋糕。
I’ve got another three minutes. 我还有三分钟。
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第二十三讲 不定代词 everyone与every one
every one是“每个”的意思，可与of…连用。既可指人，也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如：
He ate up every one of those apples. 他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。
Everyone (every one) can do it.
everyone是代词(=everybody), 意思是“每个人、人人”，不与of…连用。如：
Is everyone here?
Everyone can do it.
第二十四讲 复合不定代词
|
somebody某人 |
anybody任何人 |
nobody没有人 |
everybody每个人 |
|
someone某人 |
anyone任何人 |
no one没有人 |
everyone每个人 |
|
something某事 |
anything任何事 |
nothing没有东西 |
everything每件事 |
(1)修饰语放复合不定代词后
There isn’t anything new in today’s newspaper.
Mary, I have something important to tell you.
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their;
Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]?
人人都知道这一点，不是吗?
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait.
要是有人来，让他等着。
(3) 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语，谓语动词只能用单数，相应的人称代词只能用 it。someone anyone no one everyone
Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了，是吗?
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第二十五讲 代词it/they(them), that/those), one/ones的区别
it指代前面所提到过的事物、性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人。指上文提到的同一事物, 复数用they。
---Who is knocking at the door?
---It’s me．(不明性别)
---I’ve broken a plate．
---It (=Breaking the plate)doesn’t matter．(前面所提到过的事情)
The book is mine. It is very interesting .
that特指前面出现的同类非同物的单数名词或不可数名词，只指物，相当于“the 单数／不可数名词”。复数those特指复数可数名词，可指人。
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter.
Today’s schools differ greatly from those of the past.
one既可指人，也可指物，同类而非同物。用来替代前面出现的泛指的单数名词，相当于“a／an 单数名词”；ones用来替代前面出现的泛指的复数名词；the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，有时可用that替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词，有时可用those替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；
Mr. Zhang gave me a present，one(=a present) that I had never seen．
张先生给了我一个礼物，一个我从来没见过的(礼物)。 ’
The book on the desk is better than that／the one(=the book) under the desk．桌子上那本书比桌子底下那本书好。
The books on the desk are better than those／the ones(=the books)
under the desk．桌子上那些书比桌子底下那些书好。
第二十六讲 相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，主要有each other和one another, 意为“互相，相互”。传统理论认为each other用于两者之间，one another用于三者和三者以上 ，但现在有通用的倾向。相互代词只能作宾语；其所有格形式each other’s和one another’s 作定语。
1)作宾语。
Do you often see one another?你们彼此常见面吗?
New and old students learn from each other.新老同学相互学习。. John and Tom helped each other.约翰和汤姆相互帮助。
2)作定语时须用所有格。
We are interested in one another's work.我们关心彼此的工作。
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.
学生相互改作业中的错误。
注意：相互代词所有格修饰的名词不能作主语。
不能说Each other’s postcards have been received.(X)
可以说We have received each other’s postcards.
还有关系代词和连接代词没有讲，将来讲到定语从句和名词性从句再讲解。
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七、代词it 的用法 （没视频）
1. 指代前面提到过的事物。如：
The book on the desk is not mine . It is Jim’s .
2. 代替指示代词this 或 that。如：
---What’s that ? ---It is a pencil .
3. 指婴儿或不明身份的人。如：
---Who is shouting in the classroom ? ---It must be Tom.
4. 表示时间、距离和天气。如：
---What’s the weather like today ? ---It is sunny .
How far is it from your school to your home ?
---What’s the time now ? ---It is ten o’clock .
5. 用作形式主语, 常用于下列句型中：
（1） It’s adj. (for sb.) to do sth.
It is important for us to work hard .
（2） It’s time to do sth. /for sth. /that
It’s time to get up .
（3） It seems that----看起来好像----
It seems that he is quite happy .
（4） It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
It’s your turn to sing a song .
（5） It’s adj. that 从句
It’s necessary that you should read English every morning . （虚拟）
6. 作形式宾语
Do you think it difficult to learn Ftench ?
I find it easy to surf the Internet.
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