【皇氏古建築大全】【環遊尋美拾遺錄】【黃劍博客圖文集】

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无欺于死者,无负于生者,无愧于来者

第1352回:圣城努拉达普拉,无畏山寺荒芜千年

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(1)

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圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(2)

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圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(3)

2012年10月4日,今天任务繁重,很早就起床,我先去付房费,后来发现房间的湿衣服都没干,忙收拾包裹出门,乘三轮车花费200卢比到达了车站,发现这里乱糟糟的,我走了一圈,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(4)

也没有看到直接到锡吉里耶的班车(SIGIRIYA),攻略上说早上8点会有一班车,但我实在不知道那个车是否会准时出现,最后问了几个当地人,才知道一个途径狮子岩的大巴车,没有空调,非常热,我心想坐这种车就是遭罪阿,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(5)

后来看到唯一的一辆空调小巴车,上去一问才知道是可以直接去Anuradhapura的,故而我果断地更改了行程,先去最远最艰苦的地方,按计划今天是要去锡吉里耶等地方的(DAMBULLA和SIGIRIYA),但我认为还是明天再去这些地方比较靠谱。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(6)

上车前跟媛一起去买了一点食物,花费100卢比,不久上车了,坐满人就出发,沿途驶出康提时还堵车了,行驶速度很慢,途径一个桥,旁边还有一个清真寺,路窄人多,车费是680卢比,两人一起的价格,非常实惠,沿途因为陆续有地方在修路,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(7)

尘土飞扬,通常修路的地方只开放一半的车道,所以要频繁排队等候通过,原来常规3小时的车程,居然花费了我们四个多小时,从8点折腾了约12点才到达传说中的古城Anuradhapura,沿途不停有人上落,但基本而言还是蛮舒服了,庆幸我们没坐没有空调的公交车,否则要累死人。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(8)

汽车是先到达了新城,这里非常热闹,车站也是非常嘈杂,下车后我拿出地图,背着包研究了一下,咨询了几个当地人,才知道这里离老城和景区都非常遥远,如是我找到一个最远的景点,叫了辆三轮车,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(9)

叫他送我们到Abhayagiri Dagoba,这个塔是公元前89年兴建的,算来都是二千多年的老塔了,在宋朝的时候,Abhayagiri有很多尼姑不远万里来到了南京传播佛教,后来很多尼姑在留在了南京,据说印尼的佛教跟这里很有渊源,正所谓河流皆有支流。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(10)

三轮车司机都喜欢坑外地人,我们谈了半天价,最后还是花费400卢比才到达Abhayagiri塔那里,下车后才感觉这里真是荒芜,几个当地方人在一口井那里打水,天气非常炎热干燥,我们嗓子冒烟了,下车后就看不到一家旅馆,地图上显示的旅社都很远,我们面临无处存包的问题,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(11)

后来我发现Abhayagiri旁边有一些豪华的别墅群,是和尚住的地方,我走进去,看到一个晸府军人跟一个和尚在那里聊天,不久军警走开了,那个和尚接待了我,当他得知我想把行李存在他家时,他委婉地拒绝了,因为他下午要出门,家里无人看管,不过他很热情地让我们使用了他家的厕所,我进去后发现他家非常宽敞,算是大户人家了。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(12)

我们从和尚家出来,在Abhayagiri前面有2排售卖商品的街道,大多数店铺都倒闭了,毕竟这个地方是门可罗雀,游客稀少,我看到一个老头子的店铺很新,我过去跟老子聊天,他英语不好,沟通困难,其实我就是想在他店内存包,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(13)

他一回说不要钱,一回又说不容许,最后搞了半天,我焦躁不安,就放弃存包了,决心背着大包逛景点,我是问题不大,但媛肯定吃不消,之后我们花费50卢比买了两个椰子,这是我们迄今为止吃到了最便宜的椰子,后来就再也没遇到这么便宜的椰子了。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(14)

喝完椰子汁后才感觉嗓子舒服了一点,然后就背包去浏览Abhayagiri塔,这个塔目前约有75米高,虽然附近还有一个91米左右的高塔,但那个塔是后期修补过的,故而Abhayagiri可能曾经是最高的古塔,在全球佛塔中的地位非常高,我当时是有眼不识泰山,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(15)

毕竟中国人对圣城阿努拉达普拉的了解非常有限,目前其旅游资源的开发还处在初级阶段,而且其票价相对其居民收入是非常高昂的,即便对我而言,35美金的门票还是非常不和谐的,加上古迹多已破损,远观不过是一个大土丘而已,但仔细观察,才发现来头不小。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(16)

虽然外国人不多,但本地人还是非常虔诚地来此参拜,我与媛背着包到了塔前,先把包裹卸掉,放在一棵树下,然后分头去游览,塔前有个庙,里面有佛像,很多人脱鞋后进去跪拜,我嫌脱鞋麻烦,就没有进去,而是在外面绕着观看,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(17)

媛则脱掉鞋子跑了进去,毕竟她是信佛的,最后和尚让她捐钱,因为她的外币在我身上,所以媛就急中生智地给了一元人民币,我心想还好人民币在这里不流通,还好和尚不知道其价值,否则就很尴尬了,我也认为捐一元是有些羞辱了和尚,但有心的话还是可以谅解的,毕竟咱们都不是李嘉诚。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(18)

这个塔还在维修,工程浩大,修旧如旧,材料也是以前的砖瓦。后来得知此处就是震惊世界的无畏山寺,在佛教中的地位高山仰止了, 巴利名是Abhayagiri,全称阿跋耶只厘毗诃罗(巴Abhayagiri vihara )。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(19)

系位于锡兰旧都北之古寺院。本寺建于西元前一世纪中,相当于当时锡兰教团统一中心大寺建造后之二百十七年。乃锡兰王婆他伽马尼破坏尼干子之园而建,献与当时大寺之长老摩诃帝须,后摩诃帝须被大寺摈出,其门徒遂与大寺分离而据此寺,号称无畏山寺派。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(20)

锡兰佛教因而裂分为大寺派(摩诃毗诃罗住部)与无畏山寺派。两派常为争取佛教之领导权而相互倾轧。西元二世纪顷,葛加巴乎卡伽马尼王曾扩建本寺,未久,卡尼塔蒂萨卡王亦增建宝殿墙壁及大房舍。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(21)

后至摩诃胜军王时,尝破坏大寺之铜殿,并将其堂舍移建至本寺。据高僧法显传记载当时之情形(大五一八六四下):‘王于塔北迹上起大塔,高四十丈,金银庄挍,众宝合成。塔边复起一僧伽蓝,名无畏,山有五千僧。起一佛殿,金银刻镂,悉以众宝,中有一青玉像,高三丈许,通身七宝焰光,威相严显。’

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(22)

五世纪中叶,达休圣那王复兴本寺,并祀佛牙。又高僧法显传中所指大塔即今之金粉塔(Ruwanweli Dagoba)之北约二公里处之逝多林塔(巴Jetavana Dagoba ),旁有大僧院址。大王统史(大唐西域记卷十一),照法显的说法,两千多年前,这里就有很多百米多高的巨塔,因为大象参与了佛塔地基的建设,所以能把巨塔建得很高,无畏山寺原属大寺派,后独立而另形成无畏山寺派,而与大寺形成对峙的局势。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(23)

大寺是斯里兰卡小乘佛教的中心,始终扮演着维护传统的角色;而无畏山寺则采取与印度各佛教教派交流的进步态度,并且接纳大乘佛教。故无畏山寺曾一度拥有五千位僧侣,并有各国的留学生聚集于此,其繁盛情况凌驾于大寺之上。在十二世纪时,波洛罗摩婆诃一世下令将本寺并入大寺派。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(24)

十三世纪时,与阿罗陀补罗城同时被毁。目前,仅存大塔、部分遗迹等。公元前89年,瓦塔加玛尼国王击败泰米尔人入侵复位后。为报答他在14年的逃亡生涯内的恩人摩诃蒂裟长老的恩德,按照其誓言,拆毁了耆那教寺庙,在原址上修造了新寺。耆那教寺庙的长老吉里在瓦塔加玛尼逃亡时,曾对他高声讥笑。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(25)

于是,国王特将自己名字中的Abhaya和讥讽他的Giri的名字合在一起,作为寺名,以示国王并非懦弱之徒,而是大无畏的国王,所以此寺被称为无畏山寺。中国东晋高僧法显曾从无畏山寺收集了佛经梵本250余册,并著有《佛国记》一书,据记载公元5世纪无畏山寺有僧侣大约5000之众,是当时斯里兰卡最为重要的佛教寺庙之一。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(26)

如今这里的僧侣已经不多了,但跟中国与印度相比,这里的佛塔保存得非常完好,几个世纪以来,这里的几座佛塔一直是世界上最高的,其中的祗园寺塔在两千年的岁月里,一直是全球最高的建筑物之一,大家可以想像一下,在唐宋时期,世界上有多少超过百米的人工建筑呢?

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(27)

两千年后的2007年,常州动用近七千吨钢材,75顿黄铜修筑了中国最高的佛塔,高达153.8米的天宁宝塔,也不过比两千年前的祗园寺塔高二十多米而已,而且我敢断言,天宁宝塔的使用年限肯定没有祗园寺塔长。。。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(28)

我绕到无畏山寺旁边参观,这里还是非常原始的,并没有什么重工业,故而乡野气息还是跟千年前相似,残破的围墙绕着寺庙,石条依旧细说当年的辉煌,阿努拉达普拉(Anuradhapura)是斯里兰卡最早的国都,欣欣向荣了一千五百年,又寂寂荒芜了一千年。其间我国改朝换代了无数次,大量古建筑是建了拆,拆了建,如今所剩无几。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(29)

到了十九世纪,英国人发现这座被荒草掩盖的古都,被列为世界文化遗产后,古迹遂一一被修复。延续着从前佛教圣地的足迹,憔悴市容却让人感叹逝者如斯的渺茫。从来繁荣只不过是荒凉的前奏曲,今日之北上广等特大城市,再过几十年恐怕就是废都了,到阿努拉达普拉,朝拜二千三百年的圣菩提,犹如觐见佛陀的慈颜,默然无语却佛法无边。王朝兴亡与寺院生灭浑然一体,得佛牙者也是得王权的信物。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(30)

败者反复退隐山洞寺庙以期东山再起,胜利后感念佛恩大肆造寺兴庙。于是到处佛塔寺庙修道院,遗留今天400英亩遗址区,沿用至今的繁复水利灌溉系统,还有世界最早造福人民的医院是出现在这块佛教圣地,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(31)

让人惊叹信仰者悲天悯人的情怀和愿力。也许佛赐智慧,让远古僧伽罗人拥有创造神力,所建砖砌佛塔可以媲美同期埃及金字塔的宏伟。佛教的繁盛让不少高僧到此驻足取经,东晋的法显就曾经在此忘身求法二年。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(32)

围栏保护着,军队守护着,僧人呵护着的菩提树,2300年的枝叶盎然在午后阳光的娑婆世界,悠悠召唤从荒古到如今。当阿努拉达普拉都城在海内外鼎盛时,王朝的权力顷轧起落了119位国王,这期间有建设有摧毁,有侵略有战争,有弑父有杀兄。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(33)

当十一世纪南印度入侵后,阿努拉达普拉从此湮没在荒草中,许多修道院和佛塔都变成废墟无迹可寻,而圣菩提自是不言不语经风历雨二千三百年,日落月归,所有的成败于圣菩提而言,如雾如电如一叶菩提的落影。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(34)

阿努拉达普拉随着都城迁往波隆纳鲁瓦以后,就不曾恢复以往的繁华都市,却因圣菩提而成为圣城。圣菩提何止是斯里兰卡人的国宝,她是所有佛教信仰者的心中瑰宝。每年八月的佛教节庆,近一百万的信徒从四方八面蜂拥进城朝拜,

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(35)

一百万朵的洁莲浮动在人界和天界,红色,橙黄色的袈裟晃动在迷梦的尘世,赤足的炽热场面有点超越想象。阿努拉德普勒既为千年古都,占地自然辽阔,每一遗址皆需驱车前往,虽奔突往复,亦不过一逞管中窥豹或盲人摸象之能事,委实教人揣测其时佛音究竟何等强盛、文明到底何许灿烂。

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(36)

Jumbo Huang Notes, 《皇氏古建築大全》第21196:Abhayagiri Dagaba SR, Abhayagiri Vihāra was a major monastery site of Mahayana, Theravada and Vajrayana Buddhism that was situated in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It is one of the most extensive ruins in the world and one of the most sacred Buddhist pilgrimage cities in the nation. Historically it was a great monastic centre as well as a royal capital, with magnificent monasteries rising to many stories, roofed with gilt bronze or tiles of burnt clay glazed in brilliant colors.

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(37)

To the north of the city, encircled by great walls and containing elaborate bathing ponds, carved balustrades and moonstones, stood "Abhayagiri", one of seventeen such religious units in Anuradhapura and the largest of its five major viharas. One of the focal points of the complex is an ancient stupa, the Abhayagiri Dagaba. Surrounding the humped dagaba, Abhayagiri Vihara was a seat of the Northern Monastery, or Uttara Vihara and the original custodian of the Tooth relic in the island.

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(38)

The term "Abhayagiri Vihara" means not only a complex of monastic buildings, but also a fraternity of Buddhist monks, or Sangha, which maintains its own historical records, traditions and way of life. Founded in the 2nd century BC, it had grown into an international institution by the 1st century AD, attracting scholars from all over the world and encompassing all shades of Buddhist philosophy. Its influence can be traced to other parts of the world, through branches established elsewhere. Thus, the Abhayagiri Vihara developed as a great institution vis‑a‑vis the Mahavihara and the Jetavana Buddhist monastic sects in the ancient Sri Lankan capital of Anuradhapura.

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(39)

According to the Chinese text Biqiuni Zhuan, the biography of the bhikkhuni compiled by Shi Baochang in 526 AD, and the biography of Gunavarnam and Sanghavarnam, the Sinhala nuns gave the second Upasampada, or higher ordination, to the Chinese nuns. According to another Chinese source, in 426 AD, eight Sinhala nuns arrived in Nanjing, the capital of the Liu Song dynasty (420–77 AD), on a merchant ship owned by man named Nandi. Consequently, three more nuns, headed by Tissara, arrived in Nanjing. Thus in the year 434, over three thousand nuns received their higher ordination for the second time in the presence of more than ten Sinhala nuns headed by Tissara at the Nanjing Temple in China.

圣殿山另一个传说(圣城阿努拉达普拉)(40)

It is also recorded that there were religious contacts between Sri Lanka and Java through the Abayagiri Vihara, at least toward the end of 8th century, as described by a fragmentary inscription from the Ratubaka plateau in central Java. This inscription records the establishment of "the Abhayagiri Vihara of Sinhalese ascetics trained in the sayings of jinas ." Commenting on this record, J.G. de Casparis observes, 'The most important detail is the name of the foundation, the Abhayagiri Vihara.

The architectural elements of the buildings excavated at Abhayagiri Vihara clearly reflect the social beliefs and religious practices prevalent at the time. Although Buddhism was the state religion and the principal doctrine followed by the majority of the population, the influence of other local beliefs, particularly Hinduism, were considerable, and are expressed in the architecture of the period. The design of entrances, for example, illustrates the practice of placing buildings under the protection of a guardian deity.

The two slabs erected on either side of the foot of the flight of steps leading to a building are known as guard stones (Muragala). They are usually carved, although plain guard stones have also been found. Among the Hindu symbols represented on these stones, the most common, apart from the Pot of Abundance and Kalpavrksa, is the figure of the Nagaraja, or anthropomorphic King Cobra. The best example of these, and one of the finest guardstones yet discovered, was found at the Ratnaprasada in Abhayagiriya, and illustrates the degree of perfection reached by the sculptors of Abhayagiri. Lotuses and punkalas are indicative of plenty. Representations of the lotus are of particular significance in agricultural societies where they symbolize the daughters of the guardian deity of rain. The elephant figure at the Eth Pokuna is also a symbol of water.The principal Buddhist guardian deities are frequently indicated by the animal vehicles of the particular gods, particularity on the guard stones. A good example is furnished by the exquisite statues on either side of the entrance to Abhayagiri Stupa. The head‑dress of one of the statues is a conch while that of the other is a lotus. Representing Sanka and Padma, the two principal treasure houses of Kuvera, they are believed to have been erected to ward off any evil or danger that might threaten the stupa or its precinct. Even at present they are commonly believed to be endowed with mystic powers, and courts of law in Anuradhapura accept swearing before the statues as evidence in settlement of minor disputes between litigants.

The best example of a moonstone, a unique creation of Sri Lanka sculptors, can be seen at the foot of the steps leading to the Pancavasa commonly known as Mahasena’s palace. A smaller example, just as exquisitely carved, was found nearby at the Queen's Pavilion. Varying in shape and size and made of different kinds of stones, all are exquisite artistic creations. According to Paranavitana, the moonstone symbolizes samsara, the endless cycle of rebirth, and the path to freedom from the samsaric process leading to nirvana. He interprets the pattern of the outermost ring as flames, and the various animals shown in the other concentric circles as successive phases of man's passage through samsara.

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