现在完成时的“点”和“线”
“点”上的动词表示发生在一个时间“点”上的动作,即短暂性的瞬间动作,而非一段时间的延续动作:
而“线”上的动词表示发生在一条时间“线”上的动作,即延续性的持久动作。试对比:
[正]He has joined the party.
[误]He has joined the party for three years.
正句中的谓语动词join是“点”上的动词,故正确。误句中的谓语动词后面跟了“线”上的时间状语 for three years,故矛盾。
“点”上动词及其表达方式如下。
(1) 常见的“点”上的动词有:join,buy, sell, lose,find, die, break, open, close,go,come, leave, leave for, arrive, put, begin, start, stop, fall, get up, etc.
2) 常见的表达方式有:
①It is/has been 一段时间 since 主语 谓 语(过去式) 其他。
②主语 谓语(过去式) —段时间 ago。
③主语 have (has) been adj. /adv. / prepositional phrase等 —段时间。
例如:
“他参军已有三年了。”可以用以下三种方式表达:
It is three years since he joined the army.
He joined the army three years ago.
He has been a soldier (in the army)for three years.
“线”上动词及其表达方式如下。
(1) 常见的“线”上的动词有:
live, teach, know, work, study, stay,lie, stand,sit, run, swim, walk, fly, last, travel, write, read, build, hold, rest, sleep, cook, flow, rain, snow, blow, wait, repair, etc.
(2) 常见的表达方式有:
①主语 have 过去分词 for some time。
②主语 have 过去分词 since 具体时间。
③主语 Have 过去分词 since 从句 (主语 谓语“点”上动词的过去式)。
例如:
“我住在这儿已有三年了。”可以用以下三种方式表达:
I have lived here for three years.
I have lived here since three years ago.
I have lived here since I came here three years ago.
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