1. What is a nationality conflict?
1.什么是国籍冲突？
children with nationality conflict refer to Chinese citizens whose parents are at least one of whom has not obtained the right of permanent residence in a foreign country at the time of birth. The Chinese nationality law stipulates that such children have Chinese nationality. The Chinese nationality law stipulates that such children have Chinese nationality. According to Article 5 of the nationality law of the people's Republic of China, both parents or one of them is a Chinese citizen. I was born in a foreign country and have Chinese nationality; However, if both or one of the parents is a Chinese citizen and has settled in a foreign country, and he has foreign nationality at birth, he shall not have Chinese nationality. However, for some reason, they are considered to have foreign nationality, such as being born in the country where the place of birth is determined (the United states, Canada, etc.), or because of transnational marriage, one of their parents is a foreigner or a foreign permanent resident. The Chinese nationality law does not recognize that any Chinese citizen has dual nationality, but such children have multiple nationality. In practice, the Chinese government defines such children as "nationality conflict".
国籍冲突儿童是指出生时，父母至少一方为没有取得外国永久居留权的中国公民。中国国籍法里规定这样的孩子具有中国国籍。中国国籍法里规定这样的孩子具有中国国籍。根据中华人民共和国国籍法第五条 父母双方或一方为中国公民，本人出生在外国，具有中国国籍；但父母双方或一方为中国公民并定居在外国，本人出生时即具有外国国籍的，不具有中国国籍。但由于某种原因，他们又被认为具有外国国籍，比如出生在出生地判定的国家（美国，加拿大等），或者是因为跨国婚姻，父母的一方为外籍人士或外国永久居民。中国国籍法不承认任何中国公民拥有双重国籍，但这类儿童又恰恰拥有多重国籍身份。在实际操作中中国政府定义这类儿童为“国籍冲突”。
2.Take Chinese children born in the United States as an example. What nationality is a child? Or dual nationality?
2.以在美国出生的中国孩子为例，孩子究竟算哪国籍？还是双国籍？
The Chinese government thinks they are Chinese and the US government thinks they are American. According to the nationality laws of both countries, both conclusions are correct. At the same time, because neither China nor the United States recognizes dual nationality (the American attitude is tacit, that is, the customs will only check the U.S. passport and will not ask about the passports of other countries), neither China nor the United States recognizes the other nationality of the child. And before their children reach adulthood, they cannot swear to renounce the nationality of any country. Therefore, in practice, according to the Sino US Consular treaty signed by the two countries, such children who travel between China and the United States and use legal documents (travel permits, etc.) issued by the Chinese government when entering and leaving China are considered Chinese citizens; When entering and leaving the United States with a certificate issued by the U.S. government (U.S. passport), it is considered to be a U.S. citizen.
简单来说，中国政府认为他们是中国籍，美国政府认为他们是美国籍。根据两国的国籍法，这两个结论都是对的。同时，由于中美都不承认双重国籍（美国态度实为默许，即海关只会查看美国护照而不会过问别国护照），因此中美彼此都不认可这个孩子的对方国籍。而在孩子成年前，他们也无法宣誓放弃任何一国的国籍。所以在实际操作中，根据两国签订的中美领事条约，这类儿童在中美两国之间旅行，在中国出入境时用中国政府颁法的证件（旅行证等），被认为是中国公民；在美国出入境时用美国政府颁发的证件（美国护照），被认为是美国公民。
This state will continue until the child is 18 and an adult. Then they can swear to give up one nationality and return to the normal single nationality state according to their personal wishes.
这种状态会一直延续到孩子十八岁成人。然后他们可以按照自己的个人意愿宣誓放弃一边国籍，回到正常的单国籍状态。
3.What is the People's Republic of China travel Document ？
3.什么是旅行证？
The travel document is a passport substitute issued by the Chinese government for some Chinese citizens who are not suitable for issuing passports. The function of travel permit can only be used to enter and exit China, not to go to other countries, and it can not be used to apply for visas and other entry-exit documents to other countries. As long as you enter China with a travel document, your child is equivalent to an ordinary Chinese citizen in China. The validity of the travel document itself is only two years. Travel document may be applied for at Chinese embassies and consulates abroad and the offices of the special commissioners of the Ministry of foreign affairs in Hong Kong and Macao.
旅行证是中国政府为某些不适宜颁发护照的中国公民发放的护照替代品。旅行证的作用只能用来出入中国，而不能去其它国家，也没法用它来办去其它国家的签证等出入境文件。只要持旅行证入境中国，孩子在中国境内等同于普通中国公民，旅行证本身的有效期只有两年。旅行证可在中国驻外使领馆和外交部驻香港、澳门特派员公署申领。
4.What is the People's Republic of China Entry and Exit Permit？
4.什么是出入境通行证？
People's Republic of China Travel Document American passport can meet children's needs between China and the United States. However, because the travel document is valid for only two years, and travel document can only be applied to the embassies and consulates abroad, and it can not be applied in Chinese mainland. In this way, it is possible that the child will return to China with his travel document, and if he has expired the travel document in China, and has no valid documents to apply for the new travel document, he must apply for a document called "Entry and Exit Permit" before entering the Chinese mainland. This certificate is one-time (one entry and one exit) and is valid for three months.
旅行证＋美国护照即可满足孩子来往中美之间的需求。但是因为旅行证的有效期只有两年，并且旅行证只有在驻外使领馆才能申请，在中国大陆境内不能申请。这样的话有可能孩子用旅行证回到中国，在中国期间旅行证过期，又没有有效证件出境申领新的旅行证，此时必须申请一个叫“出入境通行证”的文件，才能出入中国大陆。此证件为一次性（一次出一次入），有效期三个月。
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