一,倒装概述
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
首先倒装可以表示强调:Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题!
或者把否定词放前,表达更为强烈的否定:Little did he say at the meeting.
倒装还可以使描写更生动:Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
除此之外,倒装还可以承上启下、制造悬念、平衡结构等等。
总而言之,无论是汉语还是英语,倒装结构已经不是语言中的必需品,而俨然成为高端大气上档次,低调奢华有内涵的语言艺术!了解并掌握倒装各种句式的用法,不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力,对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。
二、类型
我们已经知道,英语是标记性语言,汉语倒装起来很简单,直接把顺序颠倒就可以了,而英语中,既然句子中正常的语序发生了变化,就要有标记,首先考虑的就是在动词上做文章,要么是动词放到主语前面,(完全倒装)要么就模仿一般疑问句,把助动词放到主语前面。(部分倒装)
1. 完全倒装:谓语动词全部放到主语之前
1)在以here、 there、 now、 then、 such等副词放在句首,谓语动词是be、go、come、lie 、run 、follow
There goes the bell. Now comes my turn.
Here is your letter. Then came the chairman.
Then followed three days of rain.
2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语,如 out、in、up 、down 、away 、over、off等位于句首,使描述情景更加生动。谓语通常用表示运动的动词(go、come、rush 、fly、fall等)。
Away hurried the boy.
In came the teacher and the lesson began.
Down the river flowed a small boat.
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
注意:上面的倒装句型结构的主语必须是名词,若主语为人称代词,则不能完全倒装。
举例:Here you are. Here it comes! Up it went.Out you go.
3)表语或状语位于句首表示强调意义时和避免头重脚轻,全部倒装。
In the distance was a small boat.
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.
Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.
高考备考指南:
由于完全倒装句子比较短,选项不易设置,所以几乎很少出现在高考题中。
2. 部分倒装:是指将谓语的一部分如助动词系动词或情态动词放到主语前,结构为:助动词 主语 谓语,和一般疑问句一样:
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语
如no、 not、 never、 seldom 、 few、 little、 hardly、 rarely、 at no time、 in no way、 not until…、by no means、 in no time、 in no case、 on no account、 under no circumstance等。
Little did he say at the meeting.
Never have I seen such a performance.
By no means shall we save him.
注意当not until 引出主从复合句时,not until 引导的从句不倒装。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
2)含否定意义的连词置于句首时,要部分倒装。
如not only…but also、 neither…nor…、 no sooner…than…、 scarcely…when…、 hardly…when…等。
注意:Not only… but also…连接两个分句时,前倒后不倒。(not在前句话,当然是前面倒装!)
Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.
Not only is he good at English but also he is good at maths.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
为什么not until是主句倒装呢?Not only… but also…连接两个分句时,前倒后不倒?
因为Not only… but also…连接的两个句子是并列句,级别相同,那就谁有not谁倒
装;而not until引导的是时间状语从句,所以是后面的主句倒装,不然那个“主”
不是白叫了!
这么说scarcely…when…、 hardly…when…中,when后面是从句,所以还是前面倒
装。那是不是只要记住主句倒装就可以了。
Absolutely right!
scarcely…when…和hardly…when…的意思我总是记不住,明明scarcely和hardly的
意思是“几乎不”,为什么后面加个when就成了“一…就”。
你用“几乎不”来翻译she hardly had gone out when a student came to visit her.
当学生来的时候,他几乎没出去。
“几乎没出去”还是“出去了”,也就是“刚(一)出去”的意思,所以这句话的意
思还是“他一出去,学生就来了。”但是用“几乎不”翻译不符合汉语习惯,所以
我们用“一…就”。
3)so、 nor、 neither
表示“也”,“也不”的句子要部分倒装。表示后面所说的情况与前面的情况相同。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack .汤姆会说法语,杰克也会。
If you won’t go,neither will I .如果你不去,我也不去。
注意:so表示“是的,确实”时,不倒装,这里的so相当于yes的意思
He is a good boy.
So he is.(Yes, he is)
4)only 状语,在句首要倒装的情况。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.(记住:主句倒装!)
5)在so...that、 such...that句型位于句首时, so和such主句部分要倒装,that从句不倒装。
=>So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
=>So excited was he that he couldn’t say a word.
6)在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were、 had 和should这三个词时,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。(你只要敢省,我就敢倒!)
Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come)、 tell him to ring me up.
高考实战:高考英语倒装句
倒装作为独立的知识点,有他自己独有的选项特点(倒过来),如果考点不是倒装,几乎不会用倒装来作为选项,因为倒装对其他考点没有干扰性。所以有倒装选项,就是考倒装!这样你就发现,倒装题几乎都只剩考简单的时态了!
1. Only after Mary read her composition the second time ____ the spelling mistake. (天津高考)
A. did she notice B. she noticed
C. does she notice D. she has noticed
看见only,有倒装,考倒装,"Mary read"确定是过去时,选A。
2. Not until he retired from teaching three years ago ____ having a holiday abroad. (辽宁高考)
A. he had considered B. had he considered
C. he considered D. did he consider
Not until,考倒装,排除A、C,直到三年前他辞职,他才意识到......,过去的事情,和现在没关系,选D。
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