Introduction to Naturalism
自然主义，一个用于文学创作方法的批评术语，其目的是在对待自然人时达到一种超脱的、科学的目的。因此，它比现实主义更具包容性，选择性更低，并坚持决定论的哲学。自然主义追求绝对客观性，主张对自然的简单描述，注重记录现实生活中的表面现象，试图用自然规律，特别是生物规律来解释人类和人类社会。它认为人是由他的本能或激情，或由他的社会和经济状况和环境所控制的。由于在这种观点下，人没有自由意志，自然主义作家不试图作出道德判断，作为决定论者，他倾向于悲观主义。这场运动是19世纪科学思想的产物，大体上遵循达尔文理论的生物决定论或马克思的经济决定论。它源于法国文学，其中左拉强调生物决定论，福楼拜强调经济决定论。俄罗斯小说家也对这一趋势施加了影响。自然主义运动的美国引领者被认为包括克莱恩、诺里斯、赫里克、伦敦和弗雷德里克，以及后来的德莱塞、多斯·帕索斯和法雷尔等重要人物。Introduction to Naturalism
Naturalism, critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objetivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism ，and holds to the philosophy of determinism.
Naturalism pursues absolute objectivity, advocates the simple description of nature, focuses on the recording of the surface phenomena of real life, and attempts to explain human beings and human society with natural laws, especially biological laws.It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and есоnomic environment and circumstances.Since in this view man has no free will,the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments, and as a determinist he tends toward pessimism.The movement is an outgrowth of 19th century scientific thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin's theory,or the economic determinism of Marx. It stems fromFrench literature, in which Zola emphasizes biological determinism,and Flaubert economic determinism. The Russian novelists also added their influence to the trend. American leaders of the naturalistic movement are considered to include Crane,Norris, Herrick,London, and Frederic, and later,such significant figures as Dreiser,Dos Passos,and Farrell.
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