内容提要
1 摘要的基本要素
2 包含基本要素的摘要举例
3 摘要中的基本句型
1、基本要素
摘要是论文的简介，用于在检索系统中供读者决定是否获取全文，用于潜在审稿人判断是否可以审稿，用于读者阅读论文时先对论文有大致了解，用于人们引用你工作时挑选要引用的内容或观点。为了达到这种目的，对于那些对摘要没有给出具体指南的期刊，摘要一般包含五个基本要素，这五个基本要素分别是问题陈述、动机、方法、结果和结论。
要 素 1 - 问题陈述（problem statement）
陈述要解决的问题是什么，这个问题有什么地位或重要性。对于受益面比较大的问题，先用通俗易懂的语言陈述所有科学家都懂的部分，再陈述同行科学家才懂的部分。对于只面向同行科学家的论文，如果论文的标题和摘要中指出的动机很明显地带出了是什么问题，那么可以忽略这个要素。
要 素 2 - 动机 (motivation or purpose)
指出论文要解决的具体问题是什么，必要时指出目的，适当指出解决这个问题的重要性和困难。
要 素 3 - 方法 (method)
简述论文所采用的研究方法。对于读者所不熟悉的方法，应指出方法的特征和方法的来源。
要 素 4 - 结果 (result)
呈现论文得到的最重要/主要的结果。如果是定量结果，应量化到最后一级。如果是定性结果，应使用没有歧义的表述方式。
要 素 5 - 结论 (conclusion)
声明结果对同方向的问题有什么含义、影响和价值。对于综合性期刊，还要求指出对其它或所有领域的问题有什么意义。对于非常专业的期刊或论文，如果结果本身的意义对于潜在读者很明确，则不需要特别强调结论。
2、包含基本要素的摘要举例
摘要按顺序一般出现问题陈述、动机、方法、结果和结论五个要素。以下提供一个非常明显地包含这五个要素的论文摘要。先给出英文，再给出中文翻译。我们用蓝色标问题陈述、红色标动机、绿色标方法、紫色标结果、黑色标结论。该摘要出自天体物理学杂志2019年关于复杂生命宜居带的论文。
E W. Schwieterman , CT. Reinhard, SL. Olson , CE. Harman & TW. Lyons 2019 A Limited Habitable Zone for Complex Life， The Astrophysical Journal, 878:19 (9pp), pp:1-9
原文摘要
The habitable zone (HZ) is commonly defined as the range of distances from a host star within which liquid water, a key requirement for life, may exist on a planet’s surface. Substantially more CO2 than present in Earth’s modern atmosphere is required to maintain clement temperatures for most of the HZ, with several bars required at the outer edge. However, most complex aerobic life on Earth is limited by CO2 concentrations of just fractions of a bar. At the same time, most exoplanets in the traditional HZ reside in proximity to M dwarfs, which are more numerous than Sun-like G dwarfs but are predicted to promote greater abundances of gases that can be toxic in the atmospheres of orbiting planets, such as carbon monoxide (CO). Here we show that the HZ for complex aerobic life is likely limited relative to that for microbial life. We use a 1D radiative-convective climate and photochemical models to circumscribe a Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) based on known toxicity limits for a range of organisms as a proof of concept.We find that for CO2 tolerances of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 bar, the HZCL is only 21%, 32%, and 50% as wide as the conventional HZ for a Sun-like star, and that CO concentrations may limit some complex life throughout the entire HZ of the coolest M dwarfs. These results cast new light on the likely distribution of complex life in the universe and have important ramifications for the search for exoplanet biosignatures and technosignatures.
中文翻译
可居住区(HZ)通常被定义为作为生命的一个关键要素的液态水可以存在于行星表面的离宿主恒星的距离范围。对于大多数可居住区，为了维持温和的温度，要求二氧化碳比地球现代大气中的二氧化碳多得多， 且在外边缘有几个巴的气压。然而，地球上最复杂的有氧生命受几分之一巴二氧化碳浓度的限制。与此同时，位于传统宜居带的大多数系外行星都位于M矮星附近，这种矮星比类太阳的G矮星数量更多，但据预测这会使在轨行星大气中更富有一氧化碳等有毒气体。 在这里，我们指明，相对于微生物生命，适应于复杂有氧生命的宜居带（数目）可能受限。我们使用1D辐射对流气候和光化学模型，根据一系列生物的已知毒性极限，划定复杂生命可居住区，以作为（我们提出的）概念的证明。 我们发现，对于气压为0.01、0.1和1巴的二氧化碳容差，复杂生命宜居带的宽度仅为类太阳恒星常规宜居带的21%、32%和50%，并且CO2浓度可能会限制最冷的M矮星整个宜居带的某些复杂生命。 这些结果给宇宙中（是否）分布有复杂生命带来新的见解，且对寻找外行星生物特征和技术特征有重要衍生意义。
3、常见句型
可以用一些特有的句型将两个或多个要素概括在一个句子中，例如“通过使用档案分析和调查分析相结合的方法，我们发现学生修业年限与进出图书馆的频率的相关性系数高达0.5，这一结论可用于督促学生将更多时间花在图书馆”就将方法、结果和结论紧密地结合在一句话中。一般情况下，则需要对五个要素分别考虑。每个要素均有人们经常使用的句型，这里仅仅列举其中的一部分供参考。考虑到大多数读者有英文写作需求，且从英文可以自行翻译成中文，因此这里给出的句型均为英语。
A.问题陈述
- Habitable zone is defined as …, and this problem is important for …. Though much work has been done concerning …of habitable zone, but the related questions about … are little addressed (or not considered, or not thoroughly considered). Understanding these questions is of primary importance (or significant ) in …
- The problem of habitable zone for ... is a hotly studied topic due to the widespread recongnization of the importance of this problem in cosmology. However, the ... is little addressed (or not considered) due to the lack of ....
- The problem is an important component in ... and plays a key role in ....
- ... is the leading cause of ... in ....
- ... are among the most widely used methods and…
- ... is a well-known phenomenon characterized by…
- The issue of ... has received considerable attentions because of its importance in ....
- ... is an increasingly important issue in …
B.动机
- Here we show (or demonstrtae) that the habitable zone (for complex life) is limited.
- This study aims to elucidate …..
- The main objective/goal/purpose of the paper/article is …..
- Here we study (or address or consider) the limitation of habitable zone.
- In this paper we consider the limitation of the habitable zone.
- The limitation of the habitable zone is considered in this paper.
- This paper is concerned with the limitation of the habitable zone.
- The paper/article discusses (or deals with, analyses, considers, explains, describes, establishes, introduces, aims on, offer a solution) … concerning habitable zone.
- This paper develops (presents, provides, studies, contains, concentrates on) …..
- This paper gives (or aims to give ) a comprehensive account of …..
- This paper presents a novel method of …..
C.方法
- We use the method of … to …. and this method has the properties of ….
- The method of … is used to ….
- Systematic experiments (or numerical simulation or case studies or surveys or theoretical analyses ) are performed with …..
- To solve the problem of … concerning habitable zone, a method based on … is proposed here and this method is capable of ….
- We build a method to … and this method is updated from the method of … through introducing … to increase the accurary (or robustness or parameter range).
D.结果
- We find that ….
- One of the important results is that ..., another one is that ....
- The results are that ….
- We obtain the results of or that ….
- It is demonstrated that .....
- According to this study, …..
- Interestingly, …. was shown to have important impact on habitable zone for complex life.
- Surprisingly, …. was found to have import impact on …..
- The most striking observation from the data was…
- The most striking finding of this study was…
- The ... (such as complex life) are here found to be dependent on ….
E.结论
,
- These results cast new light on (or have important ramifications for ) …..
- The present study brings a gap between …..
- The present study establishes a brige between …..
- This study closes up a long debate about …..
- The conclusion of this study is that …..
- The result obtained by this study can be used to (or applied to）
- This study opens up a new field （or issue） in ….
- This study not only solves the challenging problem of ... but also offers a method that can be used to solve other problems such as ….
