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什么是冠状病毒为什么会如此可怕
2019新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV），因2019年武汉病毒性肺炎病例而被发现，2020年1月12日被世界卫生组织命名。这类病毒是如何传播的？我们应该怎样预防？世卫组织出品权威视频，带你全方位了解。
In December 2019, there was a cluster of pneumonia cases in China.
2019年12月，中国出现了多例肺炎病例。
Investigations found that it was caused by a previously unknown virus – now named the 2019 Novel Coronavirus.
调查发现，该肺炎是由一种未知病毒引起的，现命名为 2019 年新型冠状病毒。
In this video, we'll take a quick look at what's currently known about the virus.
我们将在本视频中就目前对病毒的了解，大体做一下介绍。
Keep in mind that this is a new virus and what's known about the virus now might change in the future.
需注意，这是一种新型病毒，目前对这种病毒的了解尚不明确。
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses.
冠状病毒分为多种。
They consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by an envelope with protein spikes.
病毒内部包含遗传物质，外围有蛋白棘突。
This gives it the appearance of a crown.
这使其外表类似王冠。
Crown in Latin is called "corona" and that's how these viruses get their name.
冠在拉丁语中被称为"corona"，因此，病毒命名为"Coronavirus"。
There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms.
不同类型的冠状病毒都会引起呼吸道症状，有时也会引起胃肠道症状。
Respiratory disease can range from the common cold to pneumonia.
呼吸道疾病包括普通感冒、肺炎。
And in most people, the symptoms tend to be mild.
对大多数人来说，症状往往比较轻。
However, there are some types of coronaviruses that can cause severe disease.
然而，有些类型的冠状病毒会导致严重的疾病。
These include the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus first identified in China in 2003 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
这包括2003年在中国首次发现的严重急性呼吸综合征（非典）冠状病毒，以及2012年在沙特阿拉伯首次发现的中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒。
The 2019 Novel Coronavirus was first identified in China.
2019年新型冠状病毒的首例病患在中国发现。
It initially occurred in a group of people with pneumonia who'd been associated with a seafood and live animal market in the city of Wuhan.
病毒起初在一批肺炎患者身上发现，他们与武汉一家海鲜活禽市场有关联。
The disease has since spread from those who were sick to others, including family members and health care staff.
自此，疾病开始传播，家庭成员、医护人员均受到感染。
There are many cases at present and the disease has spread within China and also to a number of other countries.
目前病例较多，该病已开始在中国国内和其他一些国家蔓延。
So, where did the virus come from?
那么，病毒是从哪里来的呢？
It's known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of animals.
我们已知冠状病毒会在动物中传播。
Sometimes these viruses can make the jump from animals to humans.
有时，这些病毒会通过动物传染给人类。
This is called a spillover and could be due to a range of factors such as mutations in the virus or increased contact between humans and animals.
这被称为病毒外流，可能是由一某些因素导致的，如病毒突变或人类与动物之间的接触变得频繁。
For example, MERS-CoV is known to be transmitted from camels and SARS-CoV, from civet cats.
例如，中东呼吸症候群冠状病毒来源于骆驼，而非典病毒来源于果子狸。
The animal reservoir of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus is not known yet.
2019年新型冠状病毒的动物宿主目前尚不知晓。
How is it transmitted?
那么病毒是如何传播的？
The exact dynamics of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined.
病毒如何传播的具体细节还有待确定。
In general, respiratory viruses are usually transmitted through droplets created when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through something that has been contaminated with the virus.
不过大体而言，呼吸道疾病病毒通常通过感染者咳嗽或打喷嚏时产生的飞沫或被病毒污染的物体传播。
People most at risk of infection from the Novel Coronavirus are those in close contact with animals, such as live animal market workers, and those who are caring for people infected with the virus, such as family members or healthcare workers.
与动物有密切接触的人是感染新型冠状病毒的高危人群，如生鲜动物市场的工作者，照顾病毒感染者的人，如家庭成员或医疗工作者也属于高危感染人群。
So, how does the disease present?
那么，这种疾病有何临床表现？
Well, from what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe.
就目前来看，症状有轻有重。
There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath.
可能会出现发烧和呼吸系统症状，如咳嗽和气短。
In more severe cases, there's been pneumonia, kidney failure, and death.
严重者会出现肺炎、肾衰竭、甚至死亡。
The mortality rate is not known yet.
死亡率尚不明确。
How can we tell whether someone is infected?
如何判断一个人是否被感染了病毒？
The infection can be diagnosed by a test called PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction.
是否感染可以通过一种叫做聚合酶链反应的检测来诊断。
This test identifies the virus based on its genetic fingerprint.
这项测试是根据基因序列来识别病毒的。
There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care.
目前还没有针对这种病毒的专门药物，治疗方法只是支持性治疗。
There's currently no vaccine to protect against the virus.
而且，目前还没有预防这种病毒的疫苗。
Treatment and vaccines are in development.
治疗措施正在制定，疫苗正在研发。
How do we prevent transmission of the virus?
如何防止病毒传播？
This new virus currently has a limited geographic spread.
这种新病毒目前的传播范围并不广泛。
However, there are a number of standard hygiene practices that have been recommended to protect against infection and further spread.
不过，现已推行了一些标准卫生措施来预防感染和进一步传播。
These include covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a medical mask, tissue or flexed elbow; avoiding close contact with those who are unwell; the appropriate use of masks and personal protective equipment, especially in a healthcare setting; washing hands regularly with soap and water, or alcohol-based hand rub.
包括在咳嗽或打喷嚏时需用医用口罩掩住口鼻，或者用纸巾、肘部；避免与身体有异样的人接触；适当使用口罩和个人防护用品，特别是在医院；经常用肥皂洗手；或用酒精擦拭双手。
Actions that can be taken to prevent infection from an animal source include: avoiding unnecessary unprotected contact with animals;washing hands after contact with animals or animal products; and ensuring that animal products are cooked thoroughly before they're consumed.
还需采取预防动物源感染的措施，包括：避免与动物进行不必要的直接接触；接触动物或动物食品后洗手；确保动物食品在食用前彻底煮熟。
It's important to stay home if you're feeling unwell.
如果你感觉身体不适，一定要待在家里。
But if you have a fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early and share your previous travel history with your healthcare provider.
但如果你发烧、咳嗽、呼吸困难，尽早就医，并告知医务人员自己的行程。
That's a quick look at this emerging infectious disease.
以上是对此次传染病的大致介绍。
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