一、换序翻译
英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的语言习惯， 对原文的词序进行调整， 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺， 这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯， 这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑， 毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。 翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。
1．Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley, Roots) 昆他觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（插入语换序）。
2．From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）
3．Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情， 总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语易位， 并转变为谓语）。
4．Don’t hesitate to come when you need help. 你们什么时候需要我， 只管来找我。（状语从句换序）。
二、 断句译法 所谓断句以法指的是： 在翻译中把一些长句断开来翻译。在英语句子中，介词短语和动词不定式的应用是很广泛的，翻译是要根据汉语的习惯， 按照逻辑关系分译成几个句子。 汉译英时，也会遇到同样的长句，翻译事业要拆开来译。
1．That question is too hard for me to answer. 那个问题太难了， 我回答不了。（分译动词不定式。）
2．He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed. 他并得太厉害，哪儿也去不了，只能呆在床上。（分译动词不定式和介词短语。）
3．Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking!（ John Galsworthy, The apple tree.）春花怒放， 春水奔流，无限春光，争奇斗艳，语言已不足以尽述奇妙。（介词短语分译）。
英汉语在句型和排列上各有特点。英语中常用连词、介词、分词短语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各种从句组成长句， 有时甚至一段由一句组成。英语长句虽然结构复杂， 但描写细致，逻辑严密。 汉语运用动词最广泛。 再表示一些复杂的概念时， 汉语大都分成若干简短的句子， 逐点交待，层层铺开， 有主有次，有先有后，眉目清楚，词句简练。 因此， 英译汉时，必须抓住全文的中心思想，区别主次，根据时间顺序和逻辑关系， 重新按汉语习惯加以组合， 以确切表示原，不要拘泥原文的形式， 使译文欧化。
1、顺译法。英汉句之结构的顺序相同，层次分明，翻译是可以顺序推进。如： In Africa I met a boy①, who was crying as if his heart would break② and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because③ he had had no food for two days.④ 在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，她哭的伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。 （这个英语句子的叙述层词合汉语相同， 所以按原文的顺序， 依次译出。） So a system of reservoir is being dug to store water that can be run down to crops after it is warmed by the sun. 因此修筑了一个水库系统， 先让水储存在水库中， 待太阳晒热后，再灌到田里去。
2、逆译法。英汉语的叙述层次相反，采用逆译法。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I① visited② and the people I met③. 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。 He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever. 他五岁时侯，生了一场伤寒病，变成了笼子。
3、变序法。原句构复杂，可按汉语由近及远的顺序从中断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。 An “alloy” steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulfur and prosperous, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 per cent silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels. 如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，黄含有1%多的锰，或0.3%多的硅，或其他碳素钢不包含的其它元素，那么这种钢就是“合金钢”。
4、主次分译法。把此要成分甩开。 A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized ，especially for the small countries，the supreme guarantee of a new international order. 二十五年前，联合国大会和安全理事会象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说，尤其如此。
5、紧缩法。 Presently the baronet plunged a fork into saucepan on the fire, and withdrew from the pot a piece of tripe and an onion, which he divided into pretty equal potions, and of which he partook with Mrs.Tinker. 从男爵把炉叉深入炉火上的平底锅里，叉出一片牛肚和一个洋葱分成差不多大小的两份， 和廷格太太各吃一份。
6、标点符号法。
In 1917 he (Einstein) completed a paper of considerable import for all of physics: it not only laid down the basic principle of the laser some 40 years before the first such device was made but, more broadly, also advanced quantum theory. 一九一七年， 他（爱因斯坦）完成了一篇对物理学各部门都颇为重要的论文。它不但奠定了激光理论的基础（四十多年之后才制造出第一个激光装置）， 而且在更广的意义上说， 还发展了量子理论。
7．加词法。
We must not forget Lenin’s statement that as regards our work of …… 我们不能忘记列宁的话。 他说， …… 总之，长句的翻译： 找出动词， 然后排队。 1．按时间顺序排队 2．按逻辑顺序排队，（因果） 3．按空间顺序排队，（方位）。
三、转句译法。
英语里用作状语或定语的词组，或名词词组。经常包含有丰富的语义，有时要把这些成分连同句子的其他成分一起翻译成地道的汉语时有困难。这时不得不把这个词组译成汉语的句子。对这些句子采用分译的方法，可以是译文简洁明确，层次分明，合乎汉语规范。
1． Through his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books. 2. I tried vainly to put the piece together. 3. The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: neither too fast nor too slow.
四、合句译法
一般说来,英语句子要比汉语的句子长, 信息量也更大, 因此,汉译英时有必要也有可能把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。另外，比较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时也可采用合句译法。
(一)、把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个汉语单句或复句 当英语中两个或两个以上的简单句关系密切、意义贯通时，可不限于原文的表层结构，将他们合译成一个汉语单句或复句，意义同样完整，还可避免不必要的重复。
1. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.(这个年轻人很惨，已落到生物分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被盗)
2． Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. (夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。)
3． That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle. (那一天，总统会见了她父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
4． She is very busy at home. She had to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.
(二)、把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句 英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同，有时要套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一样时，需要进行句子结构的调整，将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句可以使译文紧凑、简练、语气连贯。
1. If we do a thing, we should do it well. (我们要干就要干好)。 2． The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light. 3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor. (美国有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。) 4． Parents love their children and the love is perfect. (父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。) 五、缩句译法 根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯，把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分。一般情况下，把原文中上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分，大多数紧缩成状语、定语、同位语乃至主语。
六、转态译法 所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把被动翻成主动或把主动翻成被动。
（一）、被动句翻译成主动句 1．按原来顺序已成主动句 （1）The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字. （2） During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷. 2．动作发出者译成主语 (1). Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. (2). Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 3．原文种某一部分译成主语 (1). The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. (2). My brother was taught shorthand by Mr. Cotton. 4．增加逻辑主语 (1). She hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it. 人家没有告诉她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。 (2). If you are asked personal questions you need not to answer them.
(二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。 1．The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱试用七弦琴伴奏的。 2．The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。
（三）、被动句译成汉语的无主句 1．In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned. 在很多国家， 很少向权威提出质疑。 2．Wrong must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误一定要纠正。 （四）、被动句译成被动句。 1．用“被、受、得”等字 (1). I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular. 我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。 (2). I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。 2．用“由、让”等字 (1). Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。 （2）。The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。 3．用“予以、加以”等字 (1). The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个委员会予以审查。 (2). Problems should be resolved in good time. 有问题要及时加以解决。
七、正反译法 由于语言习惯的不同，英汉两种语言在正反说表达时也有差异。根据译文语言的表达习惯，把正面表达的原文从反面已成译文， 反之亦然，这样一种翻译技巧称之为正反译法。
八、否定句的译法 （一）、全部否定。 英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。如：no, none, not never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither…nor. (1). Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad. (2). The boy was nowhere to be found. (二)、部分否定 当英语中的某些不定代词如all,both, every, each , 某些副词如often,always 和否定词连用时，表示部分否定。 （1）。All the novelist’s detective cases, however, were not successful. (2). Both the instruments are not precision ones. (三)、双重否定 汉译时可以翻译成肯定。 （1）. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 有志者事竟成。 （2）. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 （3）. He cannot but agree.他不得不同意。 （4）. There is no story without coincidence. │无巧不成书。 （四）、形式否定，意义肯定。 1．“Nothing”. He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺。 2．“cannot be too adj.”意为“怎么……也不过分”。“越……越好” 如： i.you cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 ii.This point cannot be overemphasized. 这一点应该特别强调。 （五）、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇。 1．动词如：refuse,wonder, fail 等可意译成汉语否定词。 a)The engine failed to start. b)I wonder if I can go with you. c)The drain just refused to work. 2. 有些介词如：above, beyond, out of; 形容词如：last, short (of), far from; 副词：ill; 连词：before等，亦有否定意义，可译成汉语的否定词。 1．It is beyond his power to sign the contract. 2．He would be the last man to do the job. 3．This question id far from difficult. 4．We are short of hands at present. 5．Mr. Green is out of town this week. 6．He was ill treated in hospital. 7．I would die before i surrender. 8．He is anything but modest. 9．We tried in vain to measure the voltage. 3. “no more than ”, “no less than ”意为“只……” she is no less active than she used to be.她跟从前一样活跃。 六、否定转移 1．“no” 与谓语动词的肯定式 （1）At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候任何情况下，都不首先使用核武器。 （2）A transformer provides no power of its own. 2．注意“no”“not”都有否定的意义， 但在句子中意义不一样。 (1). He is not a doctor. 他不是医生。 He is no doctor. 他根本不是医生。 （2）. It is not a joke. 这不是笑话。 It is no joke. 这绝对不是开玩笑的事。 3．Think, suppose, believe 等的否定式与that 从句。 (1). I don’t think it is good to marry early. (2). I don’t suppose they will arrive on time.
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