1．一般情况下，直接加 -s，如： book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2．以 s. x. sh. ch 结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3．以"辅音字母 y"结尾，变 y 为 i, 再加 -es，如： family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4．以"f或 fe"结尾，变 f或 fe 为 v, 再加 -es，如： knife-knives
5．不规则名词复数： man-men woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen
mouse-mice child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth fish-fish people-people Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
二、代词人称代词 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 (短) 名词性物主代词（长） 我 I me my mine 你 you you your yours 他 he him his his 她 she her her hers 我们 we us our ours 你们 you you your yours 他们 they them their theirs 口诀：
主格应该作主语，放在句子的开头 ; 宾格应该作宾语，放在动词介词后；
形容词性的物主代词不能单独用，必须接名词或其他词；
名词性的物主代词，单独使用就可以。
如：
I am a student. What is your name?
His bag is on the desk. That one is not his.
We can from America. We are friends.
Let me help you.
These shoes are nice. Try them on.
They are drinking tea.
三、动词1. be 动词： am is are
2. 普通动词： have go come take get buy pass
sit stand have talk walk see catch put 等。
动词的变化形式：动词的第三人称单数、动词 ing、动词的过去式（详见 时态）
3. 情态动词：
情态动词 can, must, should 后面直接用动词原形。
如： I / He / She / They can sing.
You should keep quiet in the library.
You mustn ' t play with fire.
Can you help me?
4. 使役动词： have, make, let 后面直接用动词原形。 如： Let me help you.
Mother made Jim stay at home all day.
四、疑问词1. what who whose which where when why how
2. "Wh-" questions:
What are you doing?
What colour is it?
What time is it? What 's the time?
Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?
Who's the man with a big nose?
Whose bag is it?
When is your birthday?
Where is my ball pen?
Why do you like summer?
How many books are there in the school bag?
How old is the young man?
How much is the toy bear?
How do you go to school everyday?
五、形容词和副词big small little large tall long short fat thin old new young clean dirty warm hot
cool cold fast slow lazy busy cheap
early late high low tired hungry thirsty
beautiful delicious expensive favourite friendly popular
六、比较级和最高级
1．一般在形容词或副词后 er
older taller longer stronger
2. 多音节词前 more
more interesting more exciting 3. 双写最后一个字母，再 er
bigger fatter
4. 把 y 变 i，再 er
heavier earlier
5. 不规则变化：
well-better much/many-more
6. favourite 没有比较级和最高级
如下表：
形容词（原级） 比较级 最高级
old older the oldest
new newer the newest
thin thinner the thinnest
big bigger the biggest
heavy heavier the heaviest
early earlier the earliest
boring more boring the most boring
difficult more difficult the most difficult
expensive more expensive the most expensive
七、介词和副词in on at under in front of behind after over across
into out of beside near next to
八、 some 和 anyI have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
There are some books on the desk.
Are there any books on the desk?
九、时态（一）一般现在时，通常用 "usually, often, every day, sometimes "。
1．一般现在时表示经常或习惯性的动作，也可表示现在的状态或主语具备的性格和能力。
2．一般现在时中，没有 be 动词和情态动词，主语为第三人称单数的肯定句，动词要按规 则加上 s，主语是非第三人称单数的肯定句，动词用原形。
3．在一般现在时中， 句中有 be 动词或情态动词时， 否定句在 be 动词和情态动词后加 not，
一般疑问句将 be 动词或情态动词放在句首。
4．在一般现在时中，句中没有 be 动词或情态动词时，主语为第三人称单数的否定句在动 词前加 does not (doesn 't)，一般疑问句在句首加 does，句子中原有动词用原形； 主语为非
第三人称单数，否定句用 do not (don 't)，一般疑问句在句首加 do，句子中动词用原形。
动词 s 的变化规则
1．一般情况下，直接加 -s，如： cook-cooks, milk-milks
2 ．以 s. x. sh. ch. o 结尾，加 -es，如： guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches,
go-goes
3．以"辅音字母 y"结尾，变 y 为 i, 再加 -es，如： study-studies
（二）现在进行时 be doing, 通常用 "Look!""now".
1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段 正在进行的动作。
2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为 be 动词 ing.
3．现在进行时的否定句在 be 后加 not。
4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。
动词加 ing 的变化规则
1．一般情况下，直接加 ing，如： cook-cooking
2．以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 加 ing，如： make-making, taste-tasting
3．如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加 ing，如：
run-running, stop-stopping
（三）一般将来时
be going to
1．be going to 表示将要发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。
2．肯定句： be going to 动词原形，如： Jim is going to play football. 否定句： be not going to 动词原形 , 如： Jim is not going to play football.
一般疑问句：把 be 动词调到句首 , 如： Is Jim going to play football?
特殊疑问句：疑问词 be 主语 going to 动词原形？如： What is Jim going to do?
疑问词当主语时：疑问词 be going to 动词原形？如： Who is going to play football?
will 1．表示将要发生的事。
2．肯定句： I will go to the zoo tomorrow.
否定句： I will not (won 't) go to the zoo tomorrow.
一般疑问句： Will you go to the zoo tomorrow?
特殊疑问句：
Who will go to the zoo tomorrow?
Where will you go tomorrow?
When will you go to the zoo?
（四）一般过去时
1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用。 一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
2．Be 动词在一般过去时中的变化：
⑴am 和 is 在一般过去时中变为 was。（was not=wasn't）
⑵are 在一般过去时中变为 were。（ were not=weren 't）
⑶带有 was 或 were 的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和 is, am, are 一样，即否定句在 was 或
were 后加 not，一般疑问句把 was 或 were 调到句首。
3．句中没有 be 动词的一般过去时的句子
否定句： didn't 动词原形，如： Jim didn 't go home yesterday.
一般疑问句： 在句首加 did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。 如：Did Jim go home yesterday?
特殊疑问句：
⑴疑问词 did 主语 动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词 动词过去式？如： Who went to home yesterday?
动词过去式变化规则：
1．一般在动词末尾加 -ed，如： pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2．结尾是 e 加 d，如： taste-tasted
3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节， 应双写末尾的辅音字母， 再加 -ed，
如： stop-stopped
4．以"辅音字母 y"结尾的，变 y 为 i， 再加 -ed，如： study-studied
5．不规则动词过去式：
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came,
have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept,
swim-swam, sit-sat
十、 There be 句型
1. 单数 可数名词
There is an apple on the plate.
Is there an apple on the plate?
There isn ' t an apple on the plate?
2. 复数 可数名词
There are some apples on the table.
Are there any apples on the table?
There aren ' t any apples on the table.
3. 不可数名词
There is some water in the glass.
Is there any water in the glass?
There isn ' t any water in the glass.
十一、祈使句1. 祈使句的定义 祈使句是用来发出命令或指示，提出要求、建议、劝告等的句子。祈使句的第二人称主语
you 通常不表示出来， 而是以动词原形开头。 例如：Be careful. 小心。Have a coffee, please.
请喝杯咖啡。 Don't worry. 不要担心。
2. 祈使句的主语
(1)省略第二人称的主语
Look out! There's a car coming. 小心！有车来了。
Don't touch me. 别碰我。
(2)祈使句如需要强调对方时，亦可把 you 说出来。 You be quiet! 你们安静！
Don't you open the door. 你不要开门。
(3)祈使句亦可用第三人称作主语。
Somebody open the door. （注意：要用动词原形）来个人把门打开。
Henry read the poem first. （注意：要用动词原形）亨利先读这首诗。
Parents with children go to the front. 带孩子的家长到前面去。
Don't anybody open the door. （注意：要用 don't 而不是用 doesn't ）谁也不要开门。
3．祈使句的肯定与否定
（1）肯定：
a. 动词 多数的祈使句是以动词原形开头的
Look right. Look left. Stand up. Sit down.
Keep silence. Help! Close the door. Let me try.
Let me see. Let's go.
b. 形容词 表语
Be quiet. Be quick. Be careful. Be seated.
Be on time.
Have a cup of tea, please. （2）否定：
a. Don ' t 动词原形
Don' t walk. Don't litter. Don' t touch. Don' t move.
Don' t cry. Don' t worry. Don' t run. Don' t write.
Don' t make noise in class.
Don' t hit other children.
Don' t climb the trees.
b. Don ' t be 动词 表语
Don' t be late.
Don' t be nervous. c. No 名词或动名词
No swimming. No parking. No food. No smoking.
No cameras. No bikes.
祈使句的否定形式一般是在谓语动词前加上 do not 或 don't（口语中）， 有时也可用 never。
若祈使句有主语，否定词 don't 或 never 要置于主语之前。
Do not come in unless asked. 非请莫入。
Don't you believe it. 决不要相信它。
Don't anyone make any noise. 谁也不要吵吵闹闹。
Never be late again next time. 下一次千万不要再迟到了。
4. 祈使句：不同的口气
Would you kindly open the door? （最客气）
Will you please open the door? （客气）
Please open the door. （客气）
Open the door, will you? （客气）
Just open the door. （对熟人的要求） Open the door. （略带命令口气）
Open the door, you? （傲气十足）
5. 祈使句：强调
可以在祈使句的动词原形之前加上 do 表示强调。
Do be honest. 一定要诚实。
Do be quiet a moment. 一定要安静一会儿。
Do let me go. 一定让我去吧。
Do tell me the reason. 务必告诉我理由。
6. 祈使句：其他表达法
Patience! 要有耐心！（名词） Hands up! 举起手来！（名词）
Bottoms up! 干杯！（名词）
After you! 您先请！（介词短语） Quickly! 快！（副词）
十二、必背句型1. What is your name? My name is Li Ming.
2. How old are you ? I'm twelve (years old).
3. How are you? I'm fine, think you.
4. What are you doing (now)? I am watching TV.
5. What are you going to do tomorrow? I am going to play football.
6. What will she do next? She will go shopping.
7. What did you do yesterday? I saw a film.
8. What colour is it? It is pink.
9. What time is it? = What 's the time?It 's 7 o 'clock.
10 What your favourite subject? English is my favourite subject.
11.Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one? The yellow one.
12. Which season do you like best?
I like summer, because I can swim.
13. Who's the man with a big nose .He is my uncle.
14. Whose bag is it? It 's my mother 's.
15. Whose socks are these? They are Jimmy 's.
16. When is your birthday? My birthday is December, 12th.
17. Where is my ball pen? It is in your pencil case.
18. Why do you like summer? Beacause I can eat ice cream.
19. How many books are there in the school bag? There are five books in my bag.
20. How old is the young man? He is 70 years old.
21. How much is the toy bear? It is 20 yuan.
22. How do you go to school everyday? I go to school by bus everyday.
23. Linlin is good at drawing./ Charle is not good at dancing.
24. Jim is tall. Tom is taller than Jim. Sam is the tallest in our class.
25. Betty dances well. Amy dances better than Betty. Sally dances best.
26. There are four seasons in a year, spring, summer, autumn and winter.
27. I like bananas. / I like running.
28. It 's time to go home. It 's time to go to school. = It 's time for school.
29. Excuse me.
30. You ar e welcome. = That ' all right.
31. Nice to nice you. = Nice to see you.
32. 打电话： Who is that? This is Tom (speaking).
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