前言

为了进一步了解以太坊区块链网络的工作方式和运行原理,笔者通过官方软件Geth搭建了私有以太坊网络fantasynetwork,最终实现了单机和多机节点间的相互连通:首先通过VMware Workstation创建基础Ubuntu实验平台,再安装Golang1、Geth2等依赖环境;其次使用puppeth工具生成私网的配置文件fantasynetwork.json并复制到三个节点目录下,三个节点均使用该配置文件初始化网络;最后使用static-nodes.json的方式将三个节点设为默认接入节点,实现节点间的连通,连通后各节点中的账户可以互相转账挖矿。

单机多节点私网3

本试验的项目结构为:

privateNet ├── accounts.txt ├── fantasynetwork.json ├── node1 │ ├── geth │ ├── keystore │ ├── node.sh │ ├── password.txt │ └── static-nodes.json ├── node2 │ ├── geth │ ├── keystore │ ├── node.sh │ ├── password.txt │ └── static-nodes.json └── node3 ├── geth ├── keystore ├── node.sh ├── password.txt └── static-nodes.json

创建工作目录
  1. 创建私网工作目录mkdir privateNet && cd privateNet
  2. 创建三个节点数据目录mkdir node1 node2 node3

privateNet/ ├── node1 ├── node2 └── node3

创建默认用户
  1. Node1

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node1/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75 Path of the secret key file: node1/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-51-26.533482715Z--600d77b8ce36b829bfc8a1cc5696faf2218bdf75

Node 2

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node2/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2 Path of the secret key file: node2/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-53-30.820914994Z--2f7fd5bd0026f7c2f0db94b79d58afe517bc56d2

Node3

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node3/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363 Path of the secret key file: node3/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-54-24.244487186Z--6c1440e9c6ca93c18b1e2a069d1d5a70e29c2363

在此创建账户的密码设置为fantasy,操作完成后会在每个节点目录下的keystore目录中找到账户密钥文件/钱包地址。

保存账户凭证
  1. 将以上账户的公钥地址保存至文本文件

echo '0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75' >> accounts.txt echo '0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2' >> accounts.txt echo '0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363' >> accounts.txt

为了实验方便,将账户对应的密码文件保存至对应节点目录下

echo 'fantasy' > node1/password.txt echo 'fantasy' > node2/password.txt echo 'fantasy' > node3/password.txt

创建配置文件
  1. 设置网络名称

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ puppeth Please specify a network name to administer (no spaces, hyphens or capital letters please) > fantasynetwork Sweet, you can set this via --network=fantasynetwork next time! INFO [08-10|22:08:31.110] Administering Ethereum network name=fantasynetwork WARN [08-10|22:08:31.110] No previous configurations found path=/home/test/.puppeth/fantasynetwork

选择程序功能

What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Configure new genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > 2

选择创建网络

What would you like to do? (default = create) 1. Create new genesis from scratch 2. Import already existing genesis > 1

选择共识算法

Which consensus engine to use? (default = clique) 1. Ethash - proof-of-work 2. Clique - proof-of-authority > 1

选择默认账号

Which accounts should be pre-funded? (advisable at least one) > 0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75 > 0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2 > 0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363 > 0x

设置默认单位

Should the precompile-addresses (0x1 .. 0xff) be pre-funded with 1 wei? (advisable yes) > yes

设置网络ID

Specify your chain/network ID if you want an explicit one (default = random) > 7777 INFO [08-10|22:16:40.485] Configured new genesis block

导出配置文件

What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Manage existing genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > 2 1. Modify existing configurations 2. Export genesis configurations 3. Remove genesis configuration > 2 Which folder to save the genesis specs into? (default = current) Will create fantasynetwork.json, fantasynetwork-aleth.json, fantasynetwork-harmony.json, fantasynetwork-parity.json > INFO [08-10|22:18:48.283] Saved native genesis chain spec path=fantasynetwork.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.285] Saved genesis chain spec client=aleth path=fantasynetwork-aleth.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.286] Saved genesis chain spec client=parity path=fantasynetwork-parity.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.287] Saved genesis chain spec client=harmony path=fantasynetwork-harmony.json

退出工具

What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Manage existing genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > ^C

此时可在当前目录下看见生成的四个配置文件,在此只用到fantasynetwork.json文件,其他文件可删去。

  1. 修改配置文件 为了更容易挖到矿,将配置文件中difficulty难度值调小(其它参数含义可参考《创世区块配置文件genesis.json的格式解读》4):

windows搭建以太坊环境(通过Geth搭建私有以太坊网络)(1)

初始化三个节点

每个节点必须使用相同的配置文件进行初始化:

geth --datadir node1/ init fantasynetwork.json geth --datadir node2/ init fantasynetwork.json geth --datadir node3/ init fantasynetwork.json

运行三个节点

进入对应的节点目录下执行一下命令(其它参数含义可参考《以太坊客户端Geth命令用法-参数详解》5):

  1. Node1

geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75" --password password.txt

windows搭建以太坊环境(通过Geth搭建私有以太坊网络)(2)

得到节点一的enode

enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@127.0.0.1:27271

Node2

geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27272 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7272 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2" --password password.txt

得到节点二的enode:

enode://45c2fc2bfdf0f48afe2083d82cc1cc642a96fcc2815755024a17b95b9fd1b3124f89e186c88a5013ced1c00bd10060a90e6b53e94fdbbfa6098b3088b3f78274@127.0.0.1:27272

Node3

geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27273 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7273 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363" --password password.txt

得到节点三的enode:

enode://ae4b4e18afa6238753e14ca3e99c0858509fc76efee715dd1c8278bbb7eaa5614fdc8b77a82bf7baf128c14ef574cc6701514fbb97780d30c731f7bc82dfd932@127.0.0.1:27273

连通三个节点

Geth主要有三种方法连通其它节点:启动前配置static-nodes.json文件添加节点、启动时通过--bootnodes添加节点、启动后在控制台通过admin.addPeer命令添加节点。在此我们使用第一种方法。

  1. 在工作目录下创建static-nodes.json

[ "enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@127.0.0.1:27271", "enode://45c2fc2bfdf0f48afe2083d82cc1cc642a96fcc2815755024a17b95b9fd1b3124f89e186c88a5013ced1c00bd10060a90e6b53e94fdbbfa6098b3088b3f78274@127.0.0.1:27272", "enode://ae4b4e18afa6238753e14ca3e99c0858509fc76efee715dd1c8278bbb7eaa5614fdc8b77a82bf7baf128c14ef574cc6701514fbb97780d30c731f7bc82dfd932@127.0.0.1:27273" ]

将该文件复制到每个节点根目录下:

cp static-nodes.json node1/ cp static-nodes.json node2/ cp static-nodes.json node3/

为了简化启动,可以创建启动节点批处理文件

nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 1"

node2/node.sh

nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27272 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7272 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 2"

node2/node.sh

nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27273 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7273 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 3"

启动各节点

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node1$ sh node.sh test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node2$ sh node.sh test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node3$ sh node.sh

打开三个终端,使用geth attach命令接入三个节点命令行

test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node1$ geth attach geth.ipc test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node2$ geth attach geth.ipc test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node3$ geth attach geth.ipc

windows搭建以太坊环境(通过Geth搭建私有以太坊网络)(3)

查看已连接节点

windows搭建以太坊环境(通过Geth搭建私有以太坊网络)(4)

此时各节点已连接完成,每个节点账户默认为10个以太币,各节点账户间可自由转账和挖矿,需要注意的是转账后必须经过挖矿操作才能被写入区块链。上方法启动后的程序将会运行在后台,关闭需通过ps ax | grep geth命令和kill <process id>命令。

多机多节点私网准备
  1. 设置上节Ubuntu虚拟机网络模式为桥接,且IP设为静态IP172.25.1.99
  2. Windows的IP设为静态172.25.1.55
加入私网
  1. 在Windows下创建文件夹node4,并将fantasynetwork.json复制到其中
  2. 初始化节点4

C:\Users\Fantasy\Desktop\node4> geth --datadir . init fantasynetwork.json

新建账户

C:\Users\Fantasy\Desktop\node4>geth -datadir . console > personal.newAccount("fantasy") WARN [08-11|16:13:32.987] Please remember your password! "0xbef61b5754ffaa843cc9199fb9a11aac468134f4" > exit

启动节点4

geth --nousb --datadir=. --syncmode "full" --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock console

添加节点1

> net.peerCount 0 > admin.addPeer("enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@172.25.1.99:27271") true > net.peerCount 1

此时各节点已连接完成,各节点账户间可自由转账和挖矿,需要注意的是转账后必须经过挖矿操作才能被写入区块链

注意事项:

,