不同国家有不同的废弃物分类体系。各国采取的规则通常取决于该国现有的废弃物管理技术以及政府的未来规划。来看看各国的垃圾分类文化。
Photo by Paweł Czerwiński on Unsplash
What Indonesians do with their trashes
印尼人如何处理垃圾
One thing for sure: it’s never too hard to throw your garbage in Indonesia. What Indonesians commonly do is putting our trashes in our personal garbage area which usually located at the front of our house, right at the side of the street. Put it there, and the garbage collectors with their big garbage truck or rusty garbage stroller will pick our trashes up.
有一件事可以肯定：在印尼扔垃圾从来不会太难。印尼人通常将垃圾放置在个人垃圾区域内，一般位于屋前、紧靠路边。之后，垃圾回收人员会用大型垃圾卡车或铁锈色垃圾推车将垃圾收走。
Things aren’t quite different if you live in the apartment complex in Indonesia. Collect it, wrap it in a tight plastic bag if you wish, then put it outside your room or a special corner in your floor hallway, designated for a waste collection area.
如果住在印尼的公寓楼里，情况也大同小异。将垃圾集中起来，愿意的话可以用塑料袋包紧，再放于房门外或楼道里指定作为垃圾回收区域的专用角落即可。
Waste collection bill in Indonesia is expected to be paid personally to the garbage collection agent – no tax added, it’s simply a cost for garbage workers fee and garbage truck transportation fee. Bring your wastes to your nearest dumping site or landfill and you don’t need to pay for anything.
在印尼，垃圾回收费用应由个人支付给垃圾回收机构——无须缴税，仅包括垃圾工的人力和垃圾车的运输费用。如果自己将垃圾送至最近的垃圾场或填埋场，则无须支付任何费用。
That’s it. It’s that simple.
仅此而已，就这么简单。
Imagine how much culture shock an Indonesian would suffer when they – let’s say – living in a country famous for its sophisticated waste sorting system such as Japan, South Korea or Germany – a place where public-shaming1 and penalty fee for a failure in obeying the waste sorting rules is more likely to happen?
试想一下，印尼人若是住在以成熟的废弃物分类体系闻名的国家，比如日本、韩国或德国，会遭受多么严重的文化冲击？——在这些国家，不遵守废弃物分类规定往往为人所不齿，还会被处以罚款。
Germany: The leader of the world’s waste-recycling race
德国：全球废弃物循环利用领先者
Germany is the country with the world’s number one recycling system. The country has a quite detailed way of sorting their waste – down to the colour of the glass waste you wished to throw away, the type of paper that could be put inside the paper waste bin, separate bin for metals, another different bin for plastic, another different bin for ceramic or broken glass, etc.
德国拥有世界最好的循环利用体系。该国的废弃物分类十分细致——细到根据玻璃的颜色分别丢弃，根据纸张的类型确定能否扔进纸张回收箱，金属、塑料、陶瓷、碎玻璃等也都有各自不同的回收箱。
Here below are what you should know about Germany’s waste sorting system:
关于德国的废弃物分类体系，应当了解以下这些信息：
·You are expected to gather your waste in your apartment/housing area’s local public garbage bins along with the other residents.
·须和其他住户一样，将垃圾集中至所在公寓/ 住宅区的公共垃圾箱中。
·There are commonly 7 public garbage bins available in the German’s apartment/housing area:
·德国的公寓/住宅区通常提供七种垃圾箱：
1. Blue bin – for paper and cardboard, greasy pizza box goes to the gray bin!
蓝箱——投放纸张和纸板，油腻的披萨盒要投进灰箱中！
2. Green and white bin – for glass, different bins for different glass colors, not available for Christmas ornaments and light bulbs!
绿白箱——投放玻璃，不同颜色的玻璃投进不同的箱子，不接受圣诞装饰和灯泡！
3. Yellow/orange bin – for plastic and metals
黄/橙箱——投放塑料和金属
4. Brown bin – biodegradable2 goods
棕箱——可生物降解的产品
5. Gray/black bin – everything else that can’t be recycled such as used diaper, kitty litter, animal waste, and ashes
灰/黑箱——所有其他不能循环利用的东西，比如用过的尿布、猫砂、动物废弃物和灰烬
·Some items do not belong in your apartment/housing area’s public garbage bins. Items like used batteries, electronics, unused paints, light bulbs, and appliances must be returned to the special agents/locations so they can be recycled. Other items such as clothes, shoes, and oversized trash and furniture are advised to be sold or donated.
·有些物品不能扔进所在公寓/住宅区的公共垃圾箱内。包括使用过的电池、电子产品、未使用过的涂料、灯泡和家电在内的物品，须送回专门机构/地点进行回收利用。其他物品，如衣物、鞋子以及大型垃圾和家具，建议出售或捐赠。
·There’s this thing called Pfand3 in Germany, a certain portion of the price on a bottled drink that you get back if you return said bottle to a certified outlet. German law requires all shops over a certain size selling bottled drinks have to have a Pfandrückgabestelle4, or place to return bottles with deposits.
·在德国，还有所谓的饮料瓶押金，占瓶装饮料价格的一定比例，如果将瓶子送回经过认证的商场，即可退还押金。德国法律规定，所有超过一定规模且销售瓶装饮料的商店，都须设置押金退还点，回收附带押金的饮料瓶。
Photo by Patricia Valério on Unsplash
South Korea: A role model in the effort of reducing waste
韩国：减少废弃物的楷模
South Koreans used to not really care about how to sort their waste too, but in the year 1995, their government took a different path from most of the other countries: they establish a systematic and strict waste management standard to ensure the stability of their future economy. Their government knows for sure that a good waste management system brings lots of good things: money-saving, environmentcaring, and that means more opportunities to grow and expand.
韩国人也曾对废弃物分类毫不在意，但1995年，该国政府和多数其他国家选择了不同的道路：通过建立系统、严格的废弃物管理标准，确保未来的经济稳定。韩国政府确信，好的废弃物管理体系能带来诸多益处：省钱、环保，从而获得更多增长和发展的机会。
South Korea’s success in changing their people’s behavior and mindset towards waste management is a given5, considering how thorough and how strong their intentions in reducing waste. They did almost everything to ensure their waste reduction, the monetary rewards for offender’s information are just one of them.
鉴于韩国减少废弃物的决心之彻底和强烈，国民有关废弃物管理的行为和心态得以成功转变不足为奇。政府尽一切可能减少废弃物，针对提供违规者情报发放酬金只是措施之一。
One of the most notable technologies that South Koreans use in their waste management system is the electronic food waste bin equipped with RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification)6. People will have to tap their identification card before they could throw their waste into the public garbage bin. The garbage bin will then measure the weight of the trashes, calculate and accumulate it, and then send the garbage bill to the said person.
韩国最引人注目的废弃物管理技术是配备射频识别的电子食物废弃箱。每个人都必须刷身份证，才能将废弃物投至公共垃圾箱中。垃圾箱会对废弃物称重，计算并累计，再将垃圾回收账单寄给相应的投放人。
The food waste reduction is done not only by preventing their residents to make it in the first place, but also by utilizing it as their cattle food and biogas7 material.
为了减少食品废弃物，该国不仅从源头上限制居民产生此类垃圾，还将废弃的食物用作养牛的饲料或生物气体的原料。
Here below several interesting things you might want to know about South Korea’s waste management system.
以下几个关于韩国废弃物管理体系的有趣事实，或许能引起你的兴趣。
Almost similar to Germany, a public garbage area existed in the housing/apartment in South Korea. You are expected to sort your waste without fail8 and put it into the right disposal bins. Here are the types of garbage bin provided in South Korea:
与德国类似，韩国的住宅/公寓有公共垃圾回收区域。居民须准确无误地将废弃物分类并投入正确的垃圾箱中。韩国有以下几种垃圾箱：
·Food Waste, anything that could be eaten by animals
·食品废弃物，任何动物可以吃的东西
·Recyclable Waste
·可循环利用的废弃物
·Oversized Waste, mostly electronic and furniture
·大型废弃物，多为电子产品和家具
·General Waste, anything that doesn’t belong to the other types
·一般废弃物，一切不属于其他类型的物品
It might sound much simpler but don’t be too careless, because South Korea has a pretty strict rule and many exceptions about what items considered as what waste and so on.
分类可能听起来颇为简单，但可不能掉以轻心，因为韩国的规定非常严格，而且关于哪些物品属于哪类废弃物等，有许多例外。
For instance, because food waste bin is reserved for anything that can be eaten by animals, eggshells, crustacean shells, and bones are fairly prohibited from it. You are going to have to separate the bones from your meat waste, put the meat waste in the food waste bin and put the rest of the bones in the general waste bin.
例如，食物废弃箱仅回收动物可以吃的东西，因此理所当然禁止投放蛋壳、甲壳类动物的壳和骨头。骨头须和肉分开，肉扔进食物废弃箱中，剩下的骨头则扔进一般废弃物箱中。
Another thing to keep in mind about South Korea’s waste management system:
关于韩国废弃物管理体系，还需要记住：
·Each district in South Korea has its own official garbage bag. You will have to use the one that is exclusive to the place you live in. The garbage bags could be bought at the local supermarket.
·韩国每个区都有官方提供的垃圾袋。须使用居住地区专属垃圾袋。垃圾袋可以在当地超市购买。
·In South Korea, the cost of garbage collection and disposal is included in the price of the garbage bags you purchase. This is why South Korea is setting the price of their garbage bags based on the type of waste and the volume of it.
·在韩国，垃圾袋的价格包含了垃圾回收和处理的成本。因此，韩国垃圾袋的定价取决于废弃物的种类和分量。
A thought for the day
今日收获
Rome isn’t built in a day, the same thing applies to a great waste management system. It’s a collective kind of efforts, it has to be supported by the government and all the people, it should be started by a simple way of waste sorting, and it needs to begin from our home. Proper waste sorting isn’t a hard thing to learn and remember, but it needs to be supported by your family members and your surroundings in order for you to gain benefits from it.
罗马不是一日建成的，良好的废弃物管理体系也不是。众人拾柴火焰高，政府和全体人民的支持必不可少，体系的建立应从家家户户简单的废弃物分类开始。合理的废弃物分类并不难学习和记忆，但需要家庭成员和外部环境的支持，方能取得成效。
注释：
1. public-shaming 在公众面前蒙羞。
2. biodegradable 可生物降解的：指材料在生物体内通过溶解、酶解、细胞吞噬等作用，可被吸收或排出，在体内不存在残留。
3. Pfand〈德语〉押金。
4. Pfandrückgabestelle〈德语〉押金退还点。
5. given 理所应当之事。
6. 射频识别，也称无线射频识别，一种通信技术，通过无线电信号识别特定目标并读写相关数据，而无需识别系统与目标之间的机械或光学接触。
7. biogas 生物气体，尤指沼气。
8. without fail 不出差错地。
来源：《英语世界》杂志
作者：阿曼达·巴林尼（Amanda Bahraini）
译者：陈天怡
来源：英语世界
,
