二、be going to 动词原形与will 动词原形用法不清楚，今天小编就来说说关于中考英语重点知识归纳书?下面更多详细答案一起来看看吧!
中考英语重点知识归纳书
二、be going to 动词原形与will 动词原形用法不清楚
例：我正努力学习，准备参加英语考试。
I am studying hard and I will try for my English exams.
答案：I am studying hard and I am going to try for my English exams.
解析：“be going to” 表示计划、打算要做某事。E.g. He is going to visit his friends. 还表示某种迹象表明会发生某事.e.g. Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 而“Will 动词原形 ”指对将来事物的预见、表示意愿、决心。E.g. I will wait for you until you come. 在单纯预测未来时，二者可以互换，但在此题中只能用be going to，而不能用will。
There be结构的一般将来时易出错
例：There_________ a basketball match this afternoon. (B)
A is going to be B is going to have
C are going to be D are going to have
答案：A
解析：There be结构的一般将来时既要符合There be结构，又要符合一般将来时。有的同学认为have当“有”讲，所以选了B，但There be结构就不成立了，此句中is是be going to中的，是由后边的单数名词决定的.
四、 be going to结构中易丢掉to
例：I’m going _______(go) school by bike tomorrow. (C)
A to will go B to go to C go to D to go
答案：B
解析：由tomorrow可知是一般将来时，be going to 动词原形，所以先确定用to go , 在B、 D当中选，而go to school 是固定词组，不能因为前边有一个to而省略，这是一个易错点，需要注意。
另外，在时间状语或条件状语从句中，若主句用了将来时，从句则用一般现在时，前边已经讲过,这里不在重复.
八上Units5-6
Units5-6词组:
study for a (math) test 为(数学)考试而学习
go to the docter = see a doctor 看医生
have a piano lesson 上钢琴课
take acting lessons 上表演课
have to do sth 不得不做某事
go to the concert 去参加音乐课
the day before yesterday 前天
the day after tomorrow 后天
tennis training 网球训练
call sb 给某人打电话
stay/ keep healthy 保持健康
keep quiet/ clean 保持安静/干净
shopping mall/ center 购物中心
the whole day= all the day 一整天
in some ways 在某些方面
more than = over 多于, 超过
less than 不到,少于
as adj.原级 as 与……一样
not as/so adj.原级 as 与……不一样
look the same 看起来相同
make sb do sth 使得某人做某事
tell a joke/ story 讲笑话 / 讲故事
tell a lie / truth 撒谎 / 讲真话
two-week school trip
= two weeks’ school trip 为期两周的学校旅行
重点句型:
1.Can you come to my birthday party?
Yes,I’d loveto. /Sorry,I can’t, I have to study for a test.
/I’m sorry. I’m playing soccer on Sunday.
2.when is the party? It’s at seven-thirty.
3.Tom has short hair than Sam. Tom is calmer than Sam.
日常交际用语：邀请和应答（Invations and responses）
a.Will you come to …….?
Would you like to ……?
Can you come to……?
I hope you can….
b. Yes, I’d love/like to.
Yes, it’s very kind / nice of you.
c. I’d love/like to, but……
情态动词
情态动词的语法特征:
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情, 只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词除have 外, 后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s(但是have除外)。
4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词等形式。
一. 情态动词have to和must
1) 两词都是 “必须”的意思, have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法, 即主观上的必要
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard.
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3) 在否定结构中:don’t have to 表示 “不必”, mustn’t 表示“禁止”。
You don’t have to tell him about it.你不必把此事告诉他。
You mustn’t tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
4) must还可以用于表示猜测,暗含很大的可能性,只用于肯定句,否定句中用can’t
You must be hungry. 你一定饿了.
He can’t be at home. 他不可能在家.
二.情态动词can与could的区别：
1. can与could都是情态动词,could是can的过去式。二者都可用于表示请求, 但是用法稍有不同。can表示一般性的请求,语气随便，常用于熟人之间或长辈对晚辈, 上级对下级的场合。
e.g. Can you tell us your story ,Tony ? (Tony,你能给我们讲讲你的故事吗?)
could表示有礼貌的请求,语气委婉,常用于非熟人之间或晚辈对长辈,下级对上级的场合.
e.g. Could you tell us if it snows in winter in Australia? Sure.
请告诉我们, 澳大利亚冬天下雪吗? 当然可以。
含有could表示语气委婉的句子在回答中不可用could。
--- Could I have the television on? (我可以打开电视吗?)
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
2. 在否定、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He can’t be a bad man. 他不可能是坏人。
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary? ---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和may来表达,不能用could或might。复习:will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
答案A. needn’t不必,不用,wouldn’t 将不,不会。mustn’t 禁止,不能。
shouldn’t不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思, 应用needn’t。
3)---Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. --- __ .
A. I don’t B. I won’t C. I can’t D. I haven’t
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表 “意愿、意志、决心”,本题表示决心,选B。
三．情态动词may 与might
(1) may 与might的形式
肯定式
否定式
缩略否定式
现在时
may
may not
mayn’t
过去时
might
might not
mightn’t
注：mayn’t 比较少见。
（2）may 与might的用法
①表示推测,暗含不确定.
He may/ might arrive tomorrow. 他可能明天到.
②表示允许,多用于肯定句和疑问句.
You may use my pen. Might I come in?
用法点津:
①may和 might表示许可比can和 could更正式, might含有试探和犹豫不决的意思.表示许可时,用may不用might, may not 用来表示拒绝和禁止.
②may和 might常用来表示将要发生和正在发生的事的可能性.might不是 may的过去式,它所表示的可能性比may更小.may不用于于提问是否可能的疑问句.
③在主句是过去式的宾语从句中总是用might而不是may.
用法比较: may not can not can’t
may not指”可能不”, 而can not 指”不可能”
It may not be true. 这可能不是真是真的.
It can not be true. 这不可能是真的.
四.shall 和should
(1)shall 的用法
shall作为情态动词的各种形式与作助动词的形式相同.
①表示征询意见,用于第一和第三人称的疑问句.
Shall I take you to the hospital？ Shall we go to the zoo?
②表示许诺,警告等,用于第二.第三人称.
You shall get an answer from me tomorrow.
明天你就会得到我的答复了.
You shall be punshied for what you”ve done.
你应当为你所做的受到惩罚.
用法点津:
(1)Shall I…?用来询问对方的意见.其肯定答语为:Yyes.please. / Yes, thank you.其否定答语为:No,please don’t./ Sorry,…如:
---Shall I leave the door open? 我可以开着门吗?
---Yes,please. / Sorry,I feel a little cold.
好的. / 对不起,我感觉有点冷.
(1)Shall we….?是向对方提出建议.其肯定回答:
Allright. /Yes,let’s.其否定回答为:
Sorry,I’m afried we can’t. / No,let’s not.
---Shall we start off now? 我们现在可以开始了吗?
Yes let’s. / Sorry,Lucy hasn’t turned up yet.
好的./对不起,露西还没来呢.
(1)should的用法
should是shall的过去式,用作情态动词时,他们是两个不同的词.
①表义务和职责
We should save water.我们应该节约用水.
We should protect environment.我们应当保护环境.
②表建议
You should go to see a doctor.你应当去看医生.
You shouldn’t always stay at home and keep playing computer games. 你不应该总是呆在家里玩电脑游戏.
③表征求意见
What do you think I should do with the problem?
你认为我应该如何处理这个问题?
Should I help you with the cleaning?
我可以帮你打扫卫生吗?
五.will 和would
(1)will作为情态动词,可用于各人称,表示意愿或决心,意思是想要,打算.would表示过去的意愿和打算.
I will do it as soon as possible.
He said he would try his best to help his friend.
Will作为情态动词,在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求.邀请等,would表示更有礼貌,语气更为委婉的请求.
Will you go with us? Would you mind my opening the door?
六.情态动词need
Need既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词. 作情态动词时,不可以用于肯定句中,其对比如下表所示:
动词形式
各种形式
情态动词
实义动词
肯定句
You need to be careful.
否定句
You needn’t to be so worried.
You don’t need to be so worried.
肯定疑问式
Need I say my telephone number again?
Do I need to say my telephone nunber again?
否定疑问式
Needn’t he come again? Need he not come again?
Doesn’t he need to come again? Does he not need to come again?
八上Units7—8
重点短语及句型：
1 cut up 切碎/ pour… into把…..倒入….. / put on 穿上
put… into 把…..放到……里 / turn on 打开 /turn off 关掉 turn up将音量调高 /turn down 将音量调低
mix up 混合在一起 / add… to 把…..加到……上
how many 可数名词 how much 不可数名词
on the top of 在……顶部 /at the foot of 在……脚下
2 take photos 拍照 /hang out经常出没, 闲逛
have a good time/have a great time/have a nice time /have a wonderful time/enjoy oneself 玩得开心
at the end of 在……的尽头, 在…… 的末尾
at the start /beginning of 在……的开头, 在……的开端
sleep late 睡过头, 起得晚 / on the day off 在休息日
have fun doing sth 愉快地做某事 /get wet
yard sale 庭院旧货出售 /in the future 在将来
go for a drive 开车兜风
3 Peel three bananas, Cut up the bananas. Put the bananas and ice cream into the blender. Pour the milk into the blender. Turn on the blender. Drink the milk shake
4 How was your school trip?
Did your go to the zoo? Yes, I did/ No, I didn’t
Were there any sharks? Yes, there are/No, there aren’t.
重点语法：
there be 句型
1. 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构：(1) There is 单数可数名词/不可数名词 地点状语.
(2) There are 复数名词 地点状语.
there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。
eg. ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。
③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。
3. There be句型与have的区别：
(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系eg.
①He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。
②There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。
there be结构主要表示“某地（某时）有……”，它不能表示“所有”，即“某人（物）有……”。There be中的动词be(is, are)是“存在”的意思。there在这种句型中是引导词，没有实际词义。由there引导的这种结构，主语应放在动词be(is,are)之后，与其在数方面保持一致。其结构如下：
“there be 名词（主语）＋地点状语或时间状语。”例如：
（1）There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有许多学生。
（2）There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张画。
（3）There are seven days in a week. 一周有七天。
2．动词have表示“有”时，它通常有三个含义：
A．表示“某人（在物质上的）所有。”这种情况下不能用there be替换。如：
I have a new watch. 我有一块新表。
He has a good friend. 他有一个好朋友。
B．表示“某人或动物（在身体上的）长有”。这种情况也不能用there be替换。如：
She has blue eyes. 她的眼睛是蓝色的。
A horse has two ears. 马有两只耳朵。
C.表示“某物体（在结构上的）装有”。这种情况可以用there be替换。如：
A clock has a round face.= There is a round face on a clock.
钟上装有一个圆型的钟盘。
That room has only two windows.= There are two windows in that room.
那个房间仅装有两扇窗户。
另外，表示“某人手中有某物”时，也用have.例如：
Mary has a glass of water in her hand. 玛丽手中端着一玻璃杯水
D当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。
eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。
With/have/there be用法谈
With ,have, there be都可译成“有”，但在使用上大不相同
1、 with:介词“具有、带有、附有”之意。如：
It is a black cat with one black ear and two white legs.他是只长着一只黑耳朵、两条白腿的黑猫。
2、have:动词“有”表示“某人或某物有”，他表示所属关系。如：I have a book.我有一本书。
3、there be:表示“某地存在某物”，表示存在关系。其中there是引导词，be才是真正的谓语，在there be 结构中，主语放在be之后，be动词的变化取决于主语和句子的时态。
There is a book on the desk.
There are many students in our school.
There were a lot of old houses here three years ago.
变脸一：否定句
There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同：not是副词，no为形容词，not a/an/any n. 相当于no n.。例如：
There are some pictures on the wall. →There aren't any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall.
There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.
变脸二：一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可，此为\"调整法\"。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。看看下面两句是如何\"改头换面\"的吧：
There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars?
There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water?
变脸三：特殊疑问句
There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化：
① 对主语提问：当主语是人时，用\"Who\'s 介词短语?\"；当主语是物时，用\"What\'s 介词短语?\"。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如：
There are many things over there. →What's over there?
There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room?
② 对地点状语提问：提问地点当然用"Where is / are 主语?\"啦！例如：
There is a computer on the desk. → Where is the computer?
There are four children on the playground. →Where are the four children?
③ 对数量提问：一般有两种句型结构：
How many 复数名词 are there 介词短语？
How much 不可数名词 is there 介词短语？
There be 句型专练
Unit 9-10
重点词组
be born 出生 stop doing sth. 停止干某事
stop to do sth. 停下别的事情来干……
too … to… 太…..而不能 at the age of 在……岁时
a difficult piece of music 一支很难的曲子
take part in 参加 start doing/ to do sth. 开始做某事
win first prize 获得一等奖 because of 因为
major in 主修, 专研 grow up 成长.长大
computer science 计算机科学
at the same time 同时 all over 到处,遍及
exchange student 交换生 sound like 听起来像
fashion show 时装表演会 a part-time job 一份兼职工作
hold an art exhibition 举行美术展览
keep fit 保持健康
重点句子
1. You are never too young to start doing things.
2. She toured the US when she was fourteen.
3. He won first prize in his group.
4. When he was a small boy he could hum songs and difficult pieces of music.
5. When were you / was she /he born?
6. What are you going to be when you grow up?
I’m going to be a computer programmer.
7. How are you going to do that?
8. When I grow up, I’m going to do what I want to do.
9. Paris sounds like a city that I could enjoy.
语法知识
状语从句
1. 时间状语从句
在句中相当于时间状语的从句叫时间状语从句, 常由as soon as, when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until, every time, each time, next time等引导。
As soon as you arrive, give me a phone call. 你一到就给我来电话.
Mary was reading when I left. 我走的时候玛丽正在读书.
While I played the piano, sister did her homework. 我在谈钢琴,姐姐在做功课.
You can’t leave until you go through with your work. 不完成这项工作你不能走。
注意: 1. 用until引导时间状语从句时, 主句应用可持续性动词,如果主句是非持续性动词,则主句用否定形式. 如:
I won’t go until you come back. 你回来了我再走.
2. 在时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示一般将来时, 用一般过去时表示过去将来时. 如:
Don’t forget to bring your DV4000 camera here when you come. 你来的时候别忘了带DV4000摄像机.
3. 在由since 引导的时间状语从句中,主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时. 也可用 “It is 一段时间 since (引导一般过去时的从句)”句型. 如:
He has worked in that company since he graduated from Wuhan University. 他毕业以来就一直在那个公司工作.
2.地点状语从句
在句中相当于地点状语的从句叫地点状语从句.引导地点状语从句的常用词有 where, anywhere, somewhere等.
Make marks where you have questions. 在有问题的地方作出标记.
You can go anywhere you like. 你可以到你想去的任何地方.
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.
3. 原因状语从句
在句中相当于原因状语的从句叫原因状语从句. 引导原因状语从句的常用词有because, as, since, for 等.
Roman was absent from school because he was ill. 罗曼病了, 没有上学.
As Parker was in a hurry, he left this bag home. 由于派克太匆忙才把包丢家里了.
Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him. 既然每个人都会犯错误, 你不该总是批评他。
4. 目的状语从句
在句中相当于目的状语的从句叫目的状语从句. 常用in order that, so that引导, 译为 “为了,以致, 以便”.
Rhonda spoke very slowly in order that we could follow. 朗达讲话很慢, 以便我们大家都能跟上.
We’ll sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear more clearly. 我们坐在大厅的前面，以便听得更清.
5. 结果状语从句
在句中相当于结果状语的从句叫结果状语从句.常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有so that, so…that, such… that等, 译为 “如此……以致于”, “结果”.
Miss Gao is so kind that we all respect her. 高老师很和蔼，我们都很尊敬她.
This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice. 这音乐太好了, 值得听两遍.
6. 条件状语从句
在句中相当于条件状语的从句叫条件状语从句. 常用来引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless, as/so long as, once等.
If you correct all your mistakes, your work is nice. 如果你能把所有的错误改正, 你的工作就很出色.
As long as you promise to go, I’ll surely go. 只要你答应去, 我当然去.
Once you begin, you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来.
You cannot succeed unless you work hard. 如果不努力， 你是不会成功的.
注意: 由if 引导的条件状语从句,不管主句是用一般将来时还是一般现在时,或当主句是祈使句时, 从句都用一般现在时; 主句是过去将来时, 从句用一般过去时.
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go hiking. 明天天气好的话, 我们就去徒步旅行.
7. 让步状语从句
在句中相当于让步状语的从句叫让步状语从句, 常用的引导词有though, although, even though, even if, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however 等.
Although/ Though Toby works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress. 尽管托比很努力,但进步还是不大。
Even though/ if you say so, I do not believe it. 即使你这么说，我也不信.
Whatever you do, you should do it well. 不管做什么事, 都要做好.
8. 比较状语从句
用来进行比较的状语从句叫比较状语从句,常用来引导比较状语从句的连词有as…as, not as/so …as, than等.
Carol speaks English as well as you do.卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好.
He does not run so fast as his brother. 他不如他弟弟跑得快.
Burton was more successful than we had expected. 伯顿比我们想象的要成功得多.
9. 方式状语从句
在句中用作方式状语的从句叫方式状语从句, 常用来引导方式状语从句的连词主要有as, as if, as though等.
You should do as I tell you. 你应当按我告诉你懂得去做.
It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain. 看来要下雨了.
Units11-12
重点句型
1.Could you take out the trash? ----Sure.
2.Could I borrow the car?
-----Sorry,but I need it.I have to go to a meeting.
3.I have to make the bed and do the laundry.
4.what’s the best cinema?
-----Showtime Cinema.It’s the cheapest.
5.Jason’s has good quality clothes.It’s better than Trendy Teens.
6.Jason’s is the best store in town.
重点短语
1．do chores 干家务，做杂事 2.do the dishes 洗餐具
3.do the laundry 洗衣服 4.sweep the floor 扫地
5.take out the trash 倒垃圾 6.make the bed 铺床
7.fold the clothes 叠衣服 8.clean the living room 清理客厅
9.stay out late 呆在外面很晚 10.get a ride 搭车
11.work on 从事，忙于
12.in a fun part of town 位于市区好玩的地段落
13.friendly service 友好的服务
14.comfortable seats 舒适的座位
15.do a survey 做一个调查
16.dance to music 随着音乐跳舞
“提出建议”与“发出邀请”的几种句型
【提出建议的句型】
句型一: Would you like / love (to do) sth.?
这是一个很委婉的表示建议的句型,并带有与对方商量的意味,意为“你想要(做)……吗?”。如:
—Would you like to go to the cinema with me?
—Yes. I’d like / love to.
句型二:Shall I / we do sth.?
此句型是用来提建议或征求对方意见的,意为“我(们)做……好吗?”,语气委婉,商量的语气较浓。如:
Shall we go to the zoo?
句型三:Let's do sth.
当你觉得可以直截了当地向对方提出建议,让对方和自己一起去做某事时,常用该句型,意为“咱们做……吧。”该句型后常加附加问句“shall we?”,使语气更加委婉。如:
Let’s listen to this tape, shall we?
句型四:主语 had(‘d) better (not) do sth..
该句型用于表示对下级、晚辈的劝告,往往带有命令、强制的语气,意为“某人最好(不要)做某事”。如:
You’d better go to hospital at once.
句型五:Why not do sth.?
该句型是Why don’t you / we do sth.?的省略式,表示向对方提出一种建议或询问某种原因,暗含有责备对方的意思,意为“为什么不……?”。如:
Why not go and ask your teacher?
=Why don’t you go and ask your teacher?
句型六:What / How about (doing) sth.?
如果是在讨论式的谈话中,可用该句型提出一个建议或引出一个新话题。如:
What about meeting outside the school gate?
—My father is a worker.
—What / How about your mother?
【接受建议的应答语】Yes, please. / OK. / Certainly. / Good idea. / That’s a good idea! / What a good idea!/ All right. / Sure. / With pleasure. / Yes, Let’s ... / I would be glad to. / Yes, I’d like / love to.
【不接受建议的应答语】No, thanks. / Sorry, we can’t. / Sorry, you can’t. / I’d like / love to, but ...等。
【发出邀请的句型】
句型一:I’d / We’d like to invite sb. to ... 意为“我 / 我们想邀请某人……”。如:
I’d like to invite you to my birthday party.
句型二:I hope you can do ...意为“我希望你能……”。如:
I hope you can go to the cinema with us.
句型三:Will you please do sth.?意为“请你做……好吗?”。如:
Will you please come to my home, Mary?
句型四:Do you want (to do) sth.?意为“你想要(做)……吗?”,常用于好朋友和家庭成员之间。如:
Do you want to come with us?
句型五:Would you like / love to do sth.?意为“你愿意做……吗?”。如:
Would you like to meet my family?
句型六:You’d better do ... 意为“你最好做……”。如:
You’d better go with me.
【接受邀请的应答语】
1. Yes. With pleasure. / Yes, I’m glad to.
是的,我很愿意。
2. That’s very kind of you. Thank you. / It’s very nice of you. Thank you. / That would be very nice. Thank you. 你太好了,谢谢你!
3. I’d love to come. Thank you for inviting / asking me. 我很高兴来,感谢你邀请我。
4. Yes / Certainly / Sure. I’d like / love to.
是的,我很愿意去。
【拒绝邀请的应答语】
1. I’d love / like to, but I have to ...
我很想去,但我不得不……
2. I’m very sorry, but I can’t ...
很抱歉,可我不能……
3. That’s very kind of you, but I’m afraid ...
你真是太好了,不过我恐怕……
4. Sorry, but I can’t. Thank you all the same.
对不起,但我不能,谢谢你。
语法归纳：宾语从句复习要点
学习宾语从句,我们应该注意三个方面：连接词、语序和时态。
一、连接词
1. that引导宾语从句时,that只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有词义,常可省略。如:
●I know(that) he is a Canadian athlete.
2. whether或if引导宾语从句时,whether或if在句中不充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。如:
●I don’t know whether/ if my parents agree with me.
注意:与or not直接连用时只能用whether不可用if。如:
●He didn’t say whether or not he would be staying here.
3. what, who, whose, which等连接代词和when, where, how, why等连接副词引导宾语从句时,这些词在从句中充当一定的句子成分,都有各自的词义,不能省略。如:
●He didn’t understand what the teacher said.
●I don’t know when we will have a meeting.
二、语序
1. 在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句须用陈述句语序。如:
●Do you know where he lives?
2. 当主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等词时,宾语从句中的否定词常常转移到主句中,译为汉语时,仍把从句翻译成否定的意思。否定转移句的主语一般是第一人称。如:
●I don’t think (that) Tom is wrong.
我认为汤姆没错。
三、时态
1. 当主句的谓语动词是现在时态或一般将来时的时候,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据需要使用各种时态。但如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词也必须使用相应的过去时态。如:
●I want to know how he came yesterday.
●She asked if he was leaving for Beijing soon.
2. 宾语从句表述的是客观事实或普遍真理时,不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,宾语从句仍使用一般现在时。如:
●The teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth.
用法注意
一、if和when既能引导宾语从句,又能引导状语从句。因此,一定要认清它们一种形式的“两副面孔”,从而准确地判断句子的类型。如:
I don’t know if / when he will come tomorrow. (宾语从句)
If / When he comes, I’ll tell you about it.(状语从句)
二、 宾语从句与简单句
含有宾语从句的复合句有时可以变为简单句。该知识点在句型转换的题型中经常会作为考点出现。现归纳如下:
1. 在某些由疑问词(why除外)引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词 动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的宾语。如:
I want to know how I can open the door.
→I want to know how to open the door.
2. 在某些由疑问词(why除外)引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句谓语动词的间接宾语一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词 动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的复合宾语。如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?
→Could you tell me how to get to the post office?
3. 在某些由that引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】原复合句可变为“主语 谓语 宾语 宾补”的句型。如:
We found that the boy was very clever.
→We found the boy very clever.
I saw that they were playing basketball there.
→I saw them playing basketball there.
八下Units1-2
重点词组：Unit 1
in 100 years 100年以后 space station 太空站
fall in love with sb. / sth.爱上某人/某物
go skating 去滑冰 dress casually穿着随意
the World Cup世界杯 come true变成现实
be used by被…使用 science fiction科幻小说
in the future将来 help with在…给予帮助
help do sth. 帮助做… the same as… 和….一样
wake up醒来 over and over again再三地,反复地
a hundred year ago 100年以前
Unit2词汇
keep out不许进入,阻止在外 out of style过时
argue with sb.=have an argument with sb.与某人争吵
in style = be fashionable 时尚,时髦
write sb. a letter.=write a letter to sb. 给某人写信
buy sb. sth.= buy sth for sb. 为某人买某物
call sb.up = ring sb. up = make a telephone to sb.
给某人打电话.
on the phone 通电话 need to do sth.需要做某事
pay for sth. 付款 borrow sth from sb. 向某人借某物
ask sb.for sth. 向某人要某物 find out 查明事实真相
plan sth. for sb. 为某人计划某事 do wrong 做错事
leave sth somewhere把某物落在某处 fail a test考试失败
pass a test 通过考试 get on 相处,进展
get on well相(人)处好,（工作）进展顺利
have a fight with sb.跟某人打架
get on well with sb.与某人相处融洽
complain about抱怨… fit…into找到时间做…
return = come back = give back = get back回来,归还,给回
return sb sth = return sth to sb. 归还某人某物
look up(在词典工具书中)查询,查阅 not …until直到…才
compare A with B 拿A跟B比
on (the )one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
重点句型:
1.What do you think life will be like in 100 years?
2.Every home will have a robot.
3.Will kids go to school?
No, they won’t. They ‘ll study at home.
4.There will be fewer trees.
5.My brother plays his CD too loud.
What should I do ?
Why don't you talk to him about it?
知识清单一: 不定代词
不明确代指某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。如: all, both, each ,every, some, any等。它们没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语。由于英语中不定代词数量较多，用法也较灵活，前面我们已就其中的大部分在词汇里作了讲述，在这里这只着重讲述一下复合代词的作用及用法。
复合代词指的是有some-, any-, every-, no- 与-one,-body,-thing构成的词，具体如下表所示：
后缀
前缀
-one
-body
-thing
some-
someone
somebody
something
any-
anyone
anybody
anything
every-
everyone
everybody
everything
no-
no one/none
nobody
nothing
1.这些词在句中的作用相当于名词，可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。
Somebody must have been using my books. They are all mess on the shefl.
肯定有人用过我的书，因为它们乱七八糟放在书架上。（作主语）
Have you got anything else to say before you leave?
走之前，你还有什么话要说吗？(作宾语)
What I get for you is something you are intersted in.
我带来的是你感兴趣的东西。（做表语）
2.some-类符合不定代词主要用于肯定句中，any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。当some-类复合不定代词用于疑问句和条件句时，表示肯定的意义。当any-类用于肯定句时表示“任何”之意。
I haven’t seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help. (anybody用于否定句，表示“任何人”。)
在这周围，我没找到任何能帮助我的人。
Does someone here know Lily’s telephone number?
(some用于疑问句，表明说话者期待着肯定的回答。)
这儿有人知道莉莉的电话号码吗？
3.由-one和-body构成的不定代词可以相互换用，只是前者较文雅。
Someone/Somebody seems to have been here.
似乎有人来过这里。
4.形容词修饰复合不定代词，应该形容词置于其后。在需要强调的时候，偶尔将形容词置于复合不定代词之前。
There’s nothing important in today’s newspaper.
今天报纸上没有什么重要的新闻。
If you want to get something successful, you are to work twice as hard.
如果你系那个获得某些成功，就应该加倍努力。
5.复合不定代词后可加-‘s构成所有格。
There’s somebody’s backpack left in the classroom.
某人的书包落在了教室里了。
It’s anybody’s plan,not time.
谁知道这是谁的计划，反正不是我的。
6.复合不定代词后常加else表示“另外….的”。
I cannot finish the work on time. Can someone else come to help me out?
我不能按时完成这项工作了，有没有人能帮我一下？
There’s already five people included in our guoup.
Does anything else would prefer to join.
我们组已经有有五个人了，还有想加入的吗？
知识清单二：疑问代词
疑问代词是用来表达疑问或构成疑问的代词。疑问代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，在句中所作的成分也不相同，具体如下表：
语法功能
形式
主语
宾语
表语
定语
可跟of
短语
指人
who
√
√
whom
√
√
whose
√
√
√
√
指物
which
√
√
√
√
what
√
√
√
√
这些疑问代词各有其不同的含义，各有其不同的用法，下面我们就讲述一下它们的具体用法。
1.who与whom
who意为“谁”，既可以指单数，也可以指复数，在句中主要作主语，宾语和表语。Whom在句中只能作动词宾语和介词表语。
Who put the light out before I finishd my work?
谁在我做完作业前把灯熄灭了？（作主语）
Whom/Who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?
你选了谁参加运动会？（作chosen的宾语）
who和whom作宾语时一般不可通用，但介词后的宾语只能用whom，不可用who。但如果whom不在介词后，也可以用who.
To whom do you usually turn when in trouble?
Whom/who do you usually turn to when in trouble?
当你处于困境时，通常向谁求助?
2.whose
whose表示“谁的”，即可置于名词前，作定语，也可单独使用。在句中，可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
They are all good at maths,but whose is the best?
他们都擅长数学，但谁的最好?（作主语）
Whose do you like better, Jack’s or Sally’s?
你更喜欢谁的呢，杰克的还是纱丽的？(做宾语)
Both Jim and Jack speak English. Whose pronunciation is better?
吉姆和杰克都说英语，谁的发音更好呢？（作定语）
Heven has already taken her bag away. Whose is this？
海伦已经把她的书包拿走了，这是谁的呢？（作表语）
whose既可指单数，也可指复数。
Whose is this album of stamps of 2003?
= Whose album of stamps of 2003 is this?
这本2003年集邮册是谁的？
Whose are those packages of cookies?
=Whose packages of cookies are those?
这几包甜饼是谁的？
3.which
which意为“哪一个，哪一些”，既可指人也可指物，既可指名词的单数，也可指复数。在句中作主语，宾语，定语等。
Which is more interesting,this book or that one?
这两本书哪一本更有趣？（作主语）
I don’t know which to choose.
我不知道该选哪一个。(作choose的宾语)
Which cities are you going to visit this summer?
今年夏天你打算参观哪些城市？
4.what
what意为“什么”，可单独使用，也可放在名词前。在句中可作主语，宾语，表语，定语。
What makes you love your hometown so much?
是什么使你这么热爱你的故乡？（作主语）
What do you usually do on Sunday?
星期天你常作什么？（作宾语）
What are your parents?(作主语)你的父母是干什么的？
What interests do you have?(作定语)你有什么兴趣？
用法比较
(1) what和which的用法区别
what常泛指“哪一类”，which常在具体的范围内做出选择。
Which color do you like better,purple or pink?
紫色和粉红色，你喜欢哪一种？
（在紫色和粉红色中进行选择）
What color do you like?
你喜欢什么颜色？（没有指定选择的范围）
（2）what和who的用法区别
What is your father?你爸爸是做什么的？（询问职业）
--- Who is the man?那个人是谁？（询问身份）
--- He is my brother.他是我的哥哥。
知识清单三:相互代词
One another和each other表示相互关系，所以叫相互代词。在剧中常用作宾语和定语。作定语时，在第二个词尾加’s.
One another表示两者以上的相互关系，each other表示两者的相互关系，但现在一般多用each other代替one another.如：
We must help each other and learn from each other.
我们必须学习互相帮助。
知识清单四:关系代词
用法见定语从句中的有关内容。
知识清单五: it的用法
1.代替前文提到的人物，事物或事件。如：
Who’s it? It’s me.是谁？是我。
My watch is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
我的手表丢了，我到处找不到它。
Don’t read in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.
别在阳光下看书，这对你的眼睛有害。
2.指时间、自然现象、日期和距离等。如：
It is time for lunch。该吃午饭了。
It is a long way from here to the zoo。
从这里到动物园有一段很长的路。
It is raining now。正在下雨。
3.代替指示代词this，that。如：
What is this？It is a computer。
这是什么？它是一台计算机。
4.作形式主语或形式宾语。
可用作形式主语，将真正的主语（一般是动词不定式、主语从句等）移到后面。如：
It took me two hours to do my homework。
花了我两个小时来做家庭作业。
可用作形式宾语，将真正的宾语（一般是动词不定式、宾语从句）放在宾语补足语后面
I found it very difficult to work out this problem。
我发现算出这到题很难。
知识清单六:
替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的用法区别
替代词可以用来替代句中或上文中已提到的名词，以避免重复。但我们应注意他们所使用的场合。
1.One通常替代上文中出现过的可数名词为中心词组的整个名词，指同类异物。One的复数形式是ones。One和ones既可指人也可指物，意思是指与有关名词同类型的另一个（或另一些）。通常用one代替可数名词，用ones代替复数可数名词。如：
I have lost my pen，I am going to buy one。
我的钢笔丢了，我要去买一只。
I have a new coat and several old ones。
我有一件新大衣和几件旧的。
one前可用this，that修饰，但ones前不能用these或those修饰，除非one前有形容词。
I prefer this one to that one。我喜欢这个，而不喜欢那个。
These yellow ones are so small。I want those green ones。
这些黄的太小，我要那些绿的。
one和ones前面不能用物主代词。如：
This is my apple and that is yours 。这是我的苹果，那是你的
one和ones前面有修饰词时，可以加冠词，有时the ones和those可互换使用，但要求后面有修饰语。
I do not like this pen .Show me a better one。
我不喜欢这支钢笔，再给我好一点的看看。
2. that 作为代词用来代替上文中出现的名词,它表示与前面同类的东西.
that既可代替可数名词,又可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语，一般不指人。如：
The price of wheat is higher than that of rice. 小麦的价格比大米高。
that one 用来指代同类事物中特指的另一个,可与that替换.如：
This story is not so interesting as the one / that we heard last night.
这个故事不如我们昨晚听到的那一个有趣。
另外,that可代替上文中全句的内容,it和one则不能.如:
He will ask me to lend him some money and I can’t do that.
他问我借点钱，可我不能借。
We see him when he comes to town,but that isn’t often.
他进城时我们能见到他,但是这种情况不常有.
3.those可用来代替可数名词的复数,表示特指。有时the ones和those可互换使用,常要求有后置定语.如:
The students in our class work harder than those in their class.
我们班的同学比他们班的同学学习更刻苦。
4. it代指前面提到过的名词,而且就是那个名词,即同类事物. It可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词,如:
Do you want the magazine? Yes, I want it.
你想要这本杂志吗？是的，我要。
I don't want to drink the tea. It is too hot.
我不想喝这茶，它太热了。
七下Units3---4
重点短语
in front of 在---前面 get out of 从---里面出来
take off （飞机等）起飞，脱下（衣帽等）
an unusual experience 一次非同寻常的经历
walk down 沿着----走 jump up/down 跳上跳下
run away 逃跑，跑开 next to 在---隔壁，紧挨着
shout at 朝---叫喊，呼喊 at the doctor’s 在医院，在诊所
hear about 听说 everyday activity 日常的活动
take place 发生 a national hero 一名民族英雄
be mad at sb =be angry with sb 生某人的气
first of all =at first 起初，首先
not any more 不再，再也不 pass on sth to sb 把---传给某人
leave a message 留口信 take a message 捎口信
be supposed to 被期望---，被要求做---
be good at =do well in 在---方面做的好，擅长于
in good health 身体健康
end—of--year exams 期末考试 report card 成绩单
a disappointing result 一个令人失望的结果
copy one’s homework 抄某人的作业 get over 克服，原谅，恢复
open up 打开 outside world 外面的世界
a good start 一个好的开端a good influence 一个好的影响
in danger 在危险中
重点句型
The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed .
While the boy was walking down the street , the UFO landed .
What were you doing when the UFO landed .
She said she was mad at Marcia
She said she was having a party for Linda.
He told me he would call me tomorrow /the next day
She said she could speak three languages.
过去进行时
一、 概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。也可理解为是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。其形式为was /were V-ing。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening,last night, last Saturday,when, while例如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
二、 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：
What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
三、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：
While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
四、 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：
误：I was knowing the answer.
正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
误：I wasn‘t understanding him.
正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
句型：
肯定句：主语 was/were doing 其它
否定句：主语 was/were not doing 其它
一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were 主语 doing 其它
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 was/were 主语 doing 其它
What were they doing just now?
他们刚才在干什么?
典型例题：
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
一．一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。
Ａ、一般过去时
１）叙述过去状态、动作或事件
He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间）
２）表示过去的习惯
a) would ,used to与过去时
would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间
used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯
They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.
b) Would 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。
Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。
When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去）
She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)
c) 表示状态时一般只用used to
Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)
d) was (were) used to ving表示“合适于，适应于…..”
He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常)
He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)
３）表示过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。
He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)
B. 过去进行时
－表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生
What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)
－短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算
During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
－与always ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。
He was always Changing his mind.
二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)
B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)
C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.
三、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时）
1表心理状态、情感的动词，如love ,hate ,like ,care ,respect ,please ,prefer ,know 等，若用进行时则词意改变。
I’m forgetting it . (=beginning to forget )
2表存在、状态的动词，如appear ,exist ,lie ,remain ,stand ,seem等
3 表感觉的动词，如see ,hear ,feel ,smell ,sound ,taste等.
4表一时性的动词，如accept ,allow ,admit ,decide ,end ,refuse ,permit ,promise等。
四、例题
考题1 As she ____the newspaper ,Granny ____ asleep .(95)
A. read /was falling B .was reading /fell
C. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell
分析 时间从句的动作长，而“入睡”动作短，故前者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选B
考题2 Tom ___ into the house when no one ___ .
A. slipped/was looking B. Had slipped /looked
C. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked
分析 此题先要理解好when ，表“此时”，说明主句中slipped是较短行为，而look是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人瞧见，故选A为正确。
注意
1. when 和while引导的状语从句中，强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态，while表示一段时间，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：
When/While we were having supper, the light went out. 我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。
2. when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如：
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：
1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。
2. 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。如：
John was always coming to school late. 约翰上学总是迟到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷锋总是为人民做好事。
3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如：
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风刮得很厉害，雨下得很大，一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上，他想过河去。
4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇见了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。
5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如：
I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武汉。
She was coming later. 她随后就来。
三、过去进行时表示婉转语气（只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词），用以提出请求。如：
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
Unit 5-6
重点短语
Have a good/great time过得很愉快 take away 拿走
around the world 在世界各地 make a living 谋生
all the time 一直 play football 踢足球
in order to 为了 around the world 全世界
run out of 用尽,用完 by the way 顺便, 附带说说 be interested in 对…感兴趣 far away 在远处
the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会
重点句型
1. If you do, you’ll have a great time.
2. You should wear your cool pants.
3. How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
4. When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
反意疑问句
一：反意疑问句的基本构成：
陈述句，助动词/情态动词 代词？
1． 反意疑问句的结构可以简单列为：前肯后否；前否后肯。
You dislike adventurous sports, don’t you? 你不喜欢冒险运动, 是不是?
Sophia is not good at playing the Violin, is she? 索菲亚不擅长拉小提琴, 是不是?
2． 反意疑问句的答语：在回答这类问句时，不管反意疑问句前的陈述句是肯定的或是否定的，事实是肯定的， 就用yes来回答，事实是否定的，就用no来回答。
-You didn’t attend the conference, did you? 你没参加研讨会，是吧？
-No, I didn’t. 是的, 我没参加./Yes, I did. 不， 我参加了.
二：各种形式的反意疑问句：
1．肯定陈述句， 否定疑问
这种结构分为be动词，have助动词，情态动词，实义动词型等。
You are coming this evening， aren’t you?
Lucy often goes to the theater, doesn’t he?
Sophia can play the piano, can’t she?
You’ve read the evening paper, haven’t you?
注意: 反意疑问句中, 如果后半部分出现的是否定副词, 必须用其缩写形式.
2．否定陈述句， 肯定疑问
这种结构也分为be动词，have助动词，情态动词，实义动词型等。
You are not interested in reading, are you?
You didn’t tell Toby the news, did you?
You haven’t finished your work, have you?
3．祈使句的反意疑问句
（1）在肯定的祈使句后可加上will you？would you？won’t you？ can you？could you， can’t you？等，从而使语气更加委婉。
Come in and sit down, won’t you?
Be sure to come on time, can you?
Make less noise, will you?
在肯定的祈使句后，以上各种形式皆可选择,但在否定的祈使句后只能用will you?
Don’t be careless, will you?
(2) 在Let us/me祈使句后加will you?或won’t you? 在Let’s祈使句后加shall we? 或shan’t we? 从而使语气变得更加缓和.
Let me do it, will you?
Let us do it for you, will you?
Let’s have a rest, shall we?
4．陈述句部分如果含有否定意义的词时（如：never, seldom, hardly, few, little, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, none等）,疑问部分必须用肯定式.
You have never been to Beijing, have you?
No one will believe you, will they/he?
在含有dislike, unimportant等以否定前缀构成的词的反意疑问句中,这些词仍按肯定词对待.
This is an unimportant question, isn’t it?
5．There be和That/this be 结构中的反意疑问句，陈述部分是there be 结构时，疑问部分用be there结构；是That/This be 结构时，疑问句部分用it 代替that或this。
There are some students playing， aren’t there？
That’s a good idea, isn’t it?
6. 不定代词作主语时的反意疑问句: 陈述句部分如果有everything, nothing等表示事物的词作主语时, 疑问部分的主语用it, 陈述部分若有everyone, someone, anyone, no one 等不定代词作主语时,其疑问句部分的主语既可用he, 也可用they.
Nothing has been said at the meeting, has it?
Everything goes well, doesn’t it?
Nobody wants to make mistake, do they?
7．否定前移的反意疑问句: 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的复合句时, 疑问部分中的动词和主语应和主句中的动词和主语保持一致.
He never thought I would come, did he?
They told us that we needn’t go to school tomorrow, didn’t they?
如果陈述部分是 “I don’t think (believe, guess, consider, feel, find, suppose等) 宾语从句”时,疑问部分中的动词和主语应和宾语从句的主语保持一致, 并且要用肯定形式.
I don’t think that he has done that, has he?
重点句型
1.--Would you mind moving your bike?
--Not at all. I’ll do it right away.
2.--Could you please take out the trash? --Sorry, I’ll do it right away.
3.--What should I get my mom? --How about a CD?
--No, that’s too cheap.
4.--What’s the best present you have ever received? --A bike.
重点短语
1． would mind doing sth 介意做某事
2． would mind not doing sth 不介意做某事
3． turn down 调低，关小（收音机等） 4. turn up 调高
4． right away=at once=in a minute 立刻，马上
5． get annoyed=get mad 恼怒，生气
6． wait in line 排队等候
7． follow sb around 跟在某人周围
8． order food/room 订购食物/房间
10.some time 一段时间 11.sometime 某个时间
12.social behavior 社会行为 13.put out 扑灭，熄灭
14.Why don’t you 动词原型…？=Why not 动词原型…？为什么不…？
15.special/creative enough 够特别/够有创意
16.too…to… 太…而不能 17.good company 好伙伴
18.give away 赠送，分发，捐给…
19.pay for… 为…付钱，付报酬 20.rather than 而不是
21.enter a contest 参加一个比赛
22.all over China/the world 全中国/全世界
23.encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
24.make progress 取得进步 25.hear of 听说
26.make friends with… 和…交朋友
语法要点：动词不定式
不定式的形式：（to） do ，具有名词，形容词，副词的特征。
否定式：not (to) do
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定和影响，但有时态和语态的变化。
不定式的语法功能：
1． 作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
十分钟内完成这项工作是很困难的。
To lose your heart means failure.
失去信心就意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，然后将不定式置于句末。例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
2． 作表语，表示主语的“职业，职责或性质”等：
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作就是打扫大厅。
He seems to know everything about this thing.
他似乎对这件事情什么都知道。
3． 作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, ask, (would)like, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, (would)prefer。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。
He found it important to study English.他发现学习英语很重要。
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。
I have no choice but to stay here.
除了呆在这儿我没有别的选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
上周日他除了修他的自行车外什么也没做。
4． 作宾语补足语，用以说明宾语的性质，身份，特征和行为等情况：
以下动词常跟动词不定式充当宾语补足语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call, wait for, invite.
I told Jeff to give up his bad habits,but he wouldn’t listen.
我告诉杰夫让他改掉坏习惯，但他不听。
5． 作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
A. 动宾关系：
I have some friends to invite. 我要邀几个朋友。
用法点津：
不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点，工具等，应有必要的介词。
He found a good house to live in .他发现一个可以住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about. 孩子没有什么可担心的。
如果不定式修饰time, place, way, 可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.他没有地方住。
This is the best way to work out this problem.这是算出这道题最好的方法。
A. 说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
我们有一个完成这项工作的计划。
B. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get there. 他是第一个到那的。
二、作状语：
A．表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money. 他日夜工作来赚钱。
B．表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.他到迟了结果发现火车开走了。
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
Nell went away only to leave his two children by themselves.内尔走了，结果只留下两个孩子。
C．表原因，这种原因状语往往跟在表示“高兴，愉快，生气，荣耀，遗憾”等形容词之后，说明之所以产生这些情绪的原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。
D．表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything. 天太黑了，我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer.
这个问题对他来说太容易回答了。
三、作独立成分：
To tell you the truth ,we don’t want to have you.
实话告诉你吧，我们不想和你在一起。
四、不定式的并列，第二个不定式可省略to:
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
他想学医并成为一名医生。
不带to 的不定式
1. 使役动词let(让),make(使),have(使)等；感官动词see（看见），hear（听见），feel（感到），watch（观看），notice（注意到），look at（看），listen to（听）等跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但改为被动语态时，不定式前应加上to 。如：
They heard her sing in the next room.
他们听见她在隔壁的诚心房间唱歌。
She was heard to sing in the next room。（被动句）
help后面的不定式作宾语补足语，可以带to也可不带to。如：
She helped her parents (to) clean the house. 她帮助父母打扫房屋。
2. 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game. 他所做的就是输掉了比赛。
3. 句中含有动词do时,but,except,beside,such as等后面to可省略。如：
Don’t do anything silly,such as marry him.
不要做任何的蠢事了，比如说和他结婚。
4. 句中含有不定式，后面有rather than,rather than后面省略to。如：
I’d prefer to stay here rather than go there.
我宁愿呆在这儿也不愿意去那儿。
动词不定式与疑问词的连用
不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which, 及疑问副词when, how, where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语，宾语，表语等成分。
1. 作主语
What to do is a big problem. 做什么是个大问题。
2. 作宾语
I know how to use the computer. 我知道如何使用计算机。
3. 作宾语补足语
Liu Di asked her when to start. 柳迪问她什么时候开始。
4.作表语
The question is how to get there. 问题是如何到达那儿。
注意：“疑问词 不定式”作宾语和宾语补足语时，常与下列动词连用：know, show, teacher, tell, find out, learn, decide, forget等。
有时候疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。
五．不定式的常用句型
1．It’s time to do sth=It’s time for sth “是做…的时候了”
2．There’s no (time) to do sth 没有（时间）做某事
3．It takes sb. some time (money) to do sth 某人花费多少时间（金钱）做某事
4．Be 形容词 enough to do sth … …足够做某事
5．Be too 形容词 to do sth 太…不能做某事
6．be ready to do sth 乐意做某事
7．It’s 形容词 for sb. to do sth
8．be afraid to do sth 不敢做某事
9．prefer to do sth. rather than do sth 宁愿…也不愿
10．would like to do sth/would love to do sth. 常用于口语中，表示“喜欢…”
11．had better do sth （不带的不定式）“最好……”
12．Will/Would you please (not) do sth ? 请你（不要）做……好吗？
Units 9-10
重点短语：
have / has gone to 地点 到某地去了（人不在此处）
have / has been to 地点 曾经去过某地，有曾经去过某地的经历
have / has been in 地点 在某地
an amusement park 游乐园 a roller coaster 过山车
end up 结束 end up with以….结束
English-speaking country说英语的国家
a native speaker of English以英语为母语的人
such as 例如,比如 three quarters四分之三
listening / writing skill 听力/写作技巧
a large popution 人口众多 a small population人烟稀少
natural environment自然环境 small talk 闲聊
have problem doing sth做某事有问题 at least至少
thank-you note 感谢信 look through查看,浏览
so far到目前为止 get along相处 come along (意外)来到
重点句型:
1.Have you ever been to an amusement park?
No, I ’ve never been to an amusement.
/ Yes, I have. I went there last year.
2.Harvey and his friend are going skating.
3.It’s a nice day ,isn’t it?
Yes, it is. I really love hot weather.
4.You’re Jenny’s friend ,aren’t you ?
Yes, I am.
清单一:动词的-ing形式及语法功能
1. 动词的-ing形式
动词-ing形式是英语中较多的形式之一,它是动词原形 ing构成的。它既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的一些特征.在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。 否定式：not 动词的-ing形式
2．动词的-ing形式的语法功能：
①作主语，往往说明事物的普遍性、广泛性：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 大声朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动词的-ing形式短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。
用法点津：
不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语的区别。
不定式更强调具体性,往往有明确的时间，而动词的-ing形式是一种泛指.一种体验,不是明确的发生在过去.现在或将来的动作,更具有普遍性。
Reading is really fun. 读书真有趣。
To read such a story is hard. 读这样一个故事真是难。
②作表语,用以说明事物的身份.性质等,此时和不定式的用法相同：
What he likes is playing football after class。
他所喜欢的事就是课后踢足球。
③作宾语：
Do you enjoy listening to pop music？ 你喜欢听流行音乐吗？
We are thinking of making a new plan.我们正考虑制定一个新计划。
I am now busy sending postcards. 我现在正忙于邮寄贺年卡。
注意动词的-ing形式既可以作动词宾语也作介词和形容词的宾语，如上面三个例句。此外，动词的-ing形式作宾语是时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，如；
We found it no good making fun of others。 我们发现取笑他人不好。
用法点津：
如下动词及短语只跟动词-ing形式作宾语：
enjoy、finish、suggest、avoid（避免）、excuse、delay、imagine、keep、miss、consider、admit(承认)、deny(否认)、mind、permit、forbid、pratise、risk、appreciate、be busy、be worth、feel like、can’t stand、can’t help、think of、dream of、be fond of、prevent(from)、keep…from、stop…from、protect…from、set about、be engaged in、spend…(in)、succesd in、be used to、look forward to、object to、pay attention to、inside on、feel like.
④作定语，表示被修饰词的性质、身份、用途、正在进行的行为或状态等：
The old man has to walk with a walking stick.
这个老人只好借助拐杖走。
This is an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。
The man waiting at the gate is asking to see you .
在大门口等的那个人要见你。
⑤作宾语补足语，表明宾语的性质、状态或正在进行的行为：
如下动词后可跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, found, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to,
look at, leave, catch, discover等。
Can you hear her singing in the next room.你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
⑥作状语，表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、目的等：
（While）Woking in the factory，he was an advanced worker。
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人（表示时间）。
Being a League member，he is always helping others。
由于是共青团员，他经常帮助别人。（表示原因）
He stayed at home，cleaning and washing。
他呆在家里，又擦又洗。（表伴随）
（If）playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。（表条件）
He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。（表结果）
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去讲话了。（目的）
⑦做让步状语：
Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
清单二：不定式与动词-ing形式宾语的比较
1．在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语，而不跟不定式：
admit，appreciate，advice，allow，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel like，finish，fancy，forbid，imagine，include，keep，metion，mind，miss，practice，resist，risk，suggest等。如：
He practices speaking English everyday.
他每天练习说英语。
He admitted having broken the window.
他承认打破了那扇窗子。
I much appreciate your giving me the chance.
我非常感激你给了我这个机会。
2．在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词-ing做宾语：
want(想要) ,hope, expect(期望), wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand, offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend……等。如：
I am expecting to get a letter from my parents.
我期待着父母的来信。
We are planning to build another research center.
我们正计划着建另一所研究中心。
3．在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语，意义不同。如：
(1)I remember doing this exercisde before. 我记得前做过这个练习。
Remember to post the book for me. 记住帮我把那本书寄走。
辨析：remember doing记得做过某事 (某事已做过）
remember to do记住去做某事 (某事还没做）
(2)We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.
我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情形。
Don’t foget to give my regards to them.
别忘了代我向他们问好。
辨析：forget doing忘了做过的事 (某事已做过）
forget to do 忘了去做某事 (某事还没做）
（3）I’ll try to improve my pronunciation.
我会试着改善我的发音。
Since no one answered the front door,why not try knocking at the back door? 既然前门没人答应，为什么不试试后门呢？
辨析：try to do尽力去做某事
try doing（用另外一种方式）试一试，试试看
(4)I suggest we stop working and having a rese.
我们停下来休息一会儿。
They stopped to listen,but there was no more sound.
他们停下来，听一听，再没什么声音。
辨析：stop to do 停下（某事）去做(另一件)事。（表目的）
stop doing 把(正在做的)某事停下来。（宾语）
(5)What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?
打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车？
I won’t wait if it means delaying a week or so.
如果这意味着要推迟一个星期左右, 那我就不等了。
辨析：mean to do打算做某事
mean doing意味着做某事
4．在love，like，hate，prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，如：
Do you like to eat an ice-cream? 你想吃冰淇淋吗？
I like traveling very much. 我非常喜欢旅游。
5.在start,begin后面，一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别，在下列情况下，一般用不定式：
①自然界变化：
It started to rain.开始下雨了。
Sonw started to melt as spring came.春天来了，雪开始融了。
②心理活动，在understand,know,reaside等词前面：
I began to understand my mother’s feelings.
我开始理解母亲的感受了。
③begin,start本身为现在进行时：
Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.
我到家时母亲在厨房开始做饭。
6.在allow, advise, permit, forbid等词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式作宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用ing形式，如：
We don’t allow parking here. 我们不允许在这儿停车。
The police don’t allow people to park here. 警察不允许在这儿停车。
7.need，require，want译作“需要”时，跟动词ing形式作宾语，主动表示被动，相当于to be done,如：
The windows require cleaning.
The windows require to be cleaned. 窗子要擦了。
8.在一些固定表达中用ing形式，不用不定式：
can’t help doing, be worth doing, devote…to doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thank…for doing, excuse…for doing等。
Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.
爱因斯坦终身致力于科学研究。
I’m looking forward to getting your letter. 我期盼收到你的来信。
清单三：动词-ing形式与-ed形式作形容词时的区别
动词-ing形式在句中作定语，表示一个正在进行的动作，它与主语中心词之间存在着主谓关系。动词的-ed形式在句中作定语，表示一个已完成的或被动的动作，它与中心词之间存在着动宾关系。如：
This was because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time.这是因为没有一台可以让人在水下长时间呼吸的机器。
We live in a place called Gum Tree.
我们住在一个叫做桉树村的地方。
Take away the broken glass. 把那个被打碎的玻璃杯拿走。
The sleeping baby is hers. 那个睡着的孩子是她的。
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