1. by place
The meaning is: beside / at the side of / next to
Example: The house is by a lake.
2. by noun
to describe travel.
by train, car, boat, plane, taxi, bus.
Example: I went to London by train.
to describe communication:
by phone, email, post, fax
Example: I will send you the report by fax.
to describe methods of payment:
by credit card, cheque
Example: We paid for the car by cheque.
3. by and the passive
In the passive voice, “by” indicates WHO is doing the action.
Example: The floor is being cleaned by Jane.
4. by reflexive pronoun
This means to do something alone.
Example: I visited London by myself.
5. by ing form of verb
This describes how to do something. How to achieve a particular result.
Example: You can turn on the television by pressing that button.
6. by time expression
The meaning is not later than. Before or at a particular time. We use this structure for deadlines.
Example: You must leave the hotel room by 11 am.
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