本文节选自2021年10月29日的《科学》（SCIENCE ADVANCES Vol 7, Issue 44）
用于抗冲击、稳定和铅安全钙钛矿模块的基于铅吸附离子凝胶的封装。
Lead-adsorbing ionogel-based encapsulation for impact-resistant, stable, and lead-safe perovskite modules
用于抗冲击、稳定和铅安全钙钛矿模块的基于铅吸附离子凝胶的封装
Despite the high-efficiency and low-cost prospect for perovskite solar cells, great concerns of lead toxicity and instability remain for this technology.
尽管钙钛矿太阳能电池具有高效率和低成本的前景，但这种技术仍然存在对铅毒性和不稳定性的极大担忧。
Here, we report an encapsulation strategy for perovskite modules based on lead-adsorbing ionogel, which prevents lead leakage and withstand long-term stability tests.
在这里，我们报告了一种基于铅吸附离子凝胶的钙钛矿模块封装策略，该策略可防止铅泄漏，并可承受长期稳定性测试。
The ionogel layers integrated on both sides of modules enhance impact resistance.
集成在模块两侧的离子凝胶层增强了抗冲击性。
The self-healable ionogel can prevent water permeation into the perovskite layer and adsorb lead that might leak.
自修复离子凝胶可以防止水渗透到钙钛矿层，并吸附可能泄漏的铅。
The encapsulated devices pass the damp heat and thermal cycling accelerated stability tests according to International Electrotechnical Commission 61215 standard.
根据国际电工委员会61215标准，封装器件通过湿热和热循环加速稳定性测试。
The ionogel encapsulation reduces lead leakage to undetectable level after the hail-damaged module is soaked in water for 24 hours.
在冰雹损坏的模块浸泡在水中24小时后，离子凝胶封装将铅泄漏降低到无法检测的水平。
Even being rolled over by a car followed by water soaking for 45 days, the ionogel encapsulation reduces lead leakage by three orders of magnitude.
即使被汽车碾压，然后用水浸泡45天，离子凝胶封装也能减少三个数量级的铅泄漏。
This work provides a strategy to simultaneously address lead leakage and stability for perovskite modules.
这项工作为钙钛矿模块同时解决铅泄漏和稳定性问题提供了一种策略。
重点词汇
adsorbing吸附；（adsorb的现在分词形式）
perovskite钙钛矿；类似钛酸钙晶体的矿物
high-efficiency高效（率）；高效的
solar cells太阳能电池；太阳能蓄电池
impact resistance冲击阻力；抗冲击性；耐冲击性
healable可治好的
permeation渗透；透过
adsorb吸附
encapsulated压缩；概括；（encapsulate的过去式和过去分词）；形成胶囊状物；密封的；密封包装的
electrotechnical电工学的；电工的；电工技术的
Metal halide perovskites have demonstrated great potential for next-generation low-cost and efficient solar cells.
金属卤化物钙钛矿显示了下一代低成本高效太阳能电池的巨大潜力。
The certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have already exceeded 25% for single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and 29% for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
单结钙钛矿太阳能电池的认证功率转换效率已经超过25%，钙钛矿/硅串联太阳能电池的认证功率转换效率已经超过29%。
Meanwhile, large-area perovskite modules achieved a certified efficiency of 18.6% (area of 30 to 60 cm2), which is comparable to that of commercialized silicon modules.
同时，大面积钙钛矿模块实现了18.6%的认证效率(面积为30至60 cm2)，与商业化硅模块相当。
This suggests that the PCE is no longer a critical concern for commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.
这表明PCE不再是钙钛矿光伏商业化的关键问题。
Nevertheless, its real-world application has been greatly hindered with a concern that perovskites containing water-soluble lead may cause great potential pollution to soil and underground water resources.
然而，由于担心含有水溶性铅的钙钛矿可能对土壤和地下水资源造成巨大的潜在污染，其实际应用受到了极大的阻碍。
Toxic lead intake through water or food chains can accumulate in the human body, threatening human health, including brain damage and kidney and liver dysfunction, especially for children.
通过水或食物链摄入的有毒铅会在人体内积累，威胁人类健康，包括脑损伤以及肾脏和肝脏功能障碍，尤其是对儿童而言。
Therefore, diminishing the negative impact of lead from PSCs on the environment and human health needs to be completed before their large-scale commercialization.
因此，在大规模商业化之前，需要完成减少铅对环境和人类健康的负面影响。
One intuitive way is to replace lead perovskites with nontoxic compositions such as tin (Sn) perovskites or double perovskites such as Cs2AgBiBr6.
一种直观的方法是用无毒成分如锡(Sn)钙钛矿或双钙钛矿如Cs2AgBiBr6代替铅钙钛矿。
However, tin-based PSCs suffer from poor stability as Sn2 could be easily oxidized to Sn4 , even by the solvents that process tin perovskites, while the PCEs of double-perovskite devices are too small to be considered as useful.
然而，锡基PSC的稳定性很差，因为Sn2 很容易被氧化成Sn4 ，甚至被处理锡钙钛矿的溶剂氧化，而双钙钛矿器件的PCE太小，不能被认为有用。
Despite its drawbacks, lead-containing perovskites are still the primary candidate to realize efficient and stable perovskite solar modules.
尽管有其缺点，含铅钙钛矿仍然是实现高效和稳定钙钛矿太阳能电池组件的主要候选材料。
重点词汇
metal halide金属卤化物
perovskites[矿物]钙钛矿；（perovskite的复数）
next-generation新一代的；下一代的
solar cells太阳能电池；太阳能蓄电池
perovskite钙钛矿；类似钛酸钙晶体的矿物
comparable to相若；可比于；相当
commercialized商业化的；商业化；使商业化；（commercialize的过去式）
commercialization商品化；商业化
photovoltaics光生伏打学；有光生伏打结的装置
real-world存在于现实世界的
Alternative approaches have been recently explored to minimize lead leakage to the environment for lead-based PSCs.
最近探索了替代方法，以最大限度地减少铅基私营保安公司向环境中的铅泄漏。
As components in efficient PSCs, charge transport layers, such as alkoxy-poly tetraethylene glycol (PTEG) for hole-transporting layerand a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework for electron-transporting layer, are naturally good candidates to trap lead without additional efforts.
作为高效PSC中的组件，电荷传输层，例如用于空穴传输层的烷氧基-聚四乙二醇(PTEG)和用于电子传输层的二维(2D)金属-有机框架，自然是无需额外努力就能捕获铅的良好候选者。
Nevertheless, charge transport layers usually have a relatively small thickness of ~20 to 50 nm to allow efficient charge collection, which could not provide enough capacity to adsorb lead ions from a typical 500- to 1000-nm-thick perovskite layer.
然而，电荷传输层通常具有大约20至50纳米的相对小的厚度，以允许有效的电荷收集，这不能提供足够的容量来从典型的500至1000纳米厚的钙钛矿层中吸附铅离子。
Another method is to wrap the PSCs with physical barriers or lead-adsorbing materials to prevent lead from leakage.
另一种方法是用物理屏障或铅吸附材料包裹PSCs，以防止铅泄漏。
This includes self-healing polymer that physically blocks water permeation into devices even if the glass substrates break or lead-adsorbing materials including a water-swelling lead-adsorbing polymer or ion exchange resins to chemically capture lead from leakage by over 90% under simulated hail tests.
这包括自愈合聚合物，即使玻璃基板破裂，该聚合物也能物理阻止水渗透到设备中，或者包括吸水膨胀的铅吸附聚合物或离子交换树脂的铅吸附材料，在模拟冰雹试验下，以化学方式将铅从泄漏中捕获90%以上。
However, the physical blocking polymer could only slow down the lead leakage speed, i.e., lead would eventually leak out.
然而，物理封闭聚合物只能减缓铅泄漏速度，即铅最终会泄漏出去。
A lead-adsorbing layer coated on the front side would require a physical shield; otherwise, it might lose its functionality during the long-term exposure, i.e., metal ions from rainwater or dust would saturate the binding sites of the layer.
涂覆在正面的铅吸附层需要物理屏蔽；否则，它可能会在长期暴露过程中失去功能，即雨水或灰尘中的金属离子会使该层的结合部位饱和。
Putting the lead adsorber inside the perovskite layer nicely avoids this issue.
将铅吸附器放入钙钛矿层可以很好地避免这个问题。
On the other hand, encapsulation is necessary to screen environmental stimuli to enhance operational stability of solar cells, which requires a distinct layer to protect perovskite devices.
另一方面，封装对于筛选环境刺激以增强太阳能电池的运行稳定性是必要的，这需要一个独特的层来保护钙钛矿器件。
Considering lead toxicity and instability in perovskite modules is equally essential; while they are now individually studied, an effective strategy is needed to simultaneously solve both problems to demonstrate stable and lead-safe perovskite photovoltaics as a reliable product in real-world applications.
考虑钙钛矿模块中的铅毒性和不稳定性同样重要；虽然现在对它们进行了单独研究，但需要一种有效的策略来同时解决这两个问题，以证明稳定且对铅安全的钙钛矿光伏电池是现实应用中的可靠产品。
重点词汇
lead-based铅基的
poly聚酯纤维；POLYESTER的简称
glycol乙二醇；ETHYLENE GLYCOL的简称
two-dimensional二维的；平面的；没有深度的；肤浅的
trap陷阱；罗网；捕捉装置；伏击；容器；存贮装置；单马双轮轻便马车；抛靶器；嘴巴；鼓或打击乐器；暗色岩；捕捉；诱骗；诱使；设圈套使做；给戴马饰；阻止…逃跑；使无法脱身；被卡住；停
adsorb吸附
perovskite钙钛矿；类似钛酸钙晶体的矿物
wrap包；裹；覆盖；包扎；缠绕；使换行；完成拍摄；停机；换行；抱；宽松外衣；包裹物；覆盖物；拍摄结束；凉馅玉米饼；裹身的衣服；包裹另一物品的东西；包装材料；秘密
adsorbing吸附；（adsorb的现在分词形式）
self-heal夏枯草
Another issue that has received very little attention is that standard tempered glass used for PSC substrate or encapsulation can shatter when damaged.
另一个很少受到关注的问题是，用于PSC基板或封装的标准钢化玻璃在损坏时会碎裂。
This may markedly boost the insurance for the installation of solar cells, limiting the wide adoption of the perovskite photovoltaic technology.
这可能会显著提高太阳能电池安装的保险，限制钙钛矿光伏技术的广泛应用。
Here, we report a self-healable, lead-adsorbing ionogel-based encapsulation for perovskite modules, which have multiple functions of enhancing impact resistivity and reducing lead leakage, increasing the stability of perovskite modules.
在这里，我们报道了一种基于自修复、铅吸附离子凝胶的钙钛矿模块封装，它具有增强耐冲击性和减少铅泄漏的多重功能，增加了钙钛矿模块的稳定性。
The ionogel sealants are coated on the surface of the front glass and between electrode and encapsulation glass, which can effectively suppress lead leakage from broken modules after hail test or compression by car wheels and soaking in water for 45 days.
离子凝胶密封剂涂在前玻璃表面和电极与封装玻璃之间，可有效抑制冰雹试验或车轮压缩后，浸泡在水中45天的破碎模块的铅泄漏。
At the same time, the ionogel can hold the shattered glass together even if the glass is completely damaged.
同时，即使玻璃完全损坏，离子凝胶也可以将碎玻璃固定在一起。
The fabricated perovskite minimodules showed the highest performance including a high aperture efficiency of 18.5% for an area of 31.5 cm2, and the resultant solar cells passed damp heat (DH) and temperature cycling (TC) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215 standard tests.
制备的钙钛矿微模块表现出最高的性能，包括31.5 cm2面积的18.5%的高孔径效率，并且所得太阳能电池通过了湿热和温度循环国际电工委员会(IEC) 61215标准测试。
重点词汇
tempered glass钢化玻璃
encapsulation封装；包装
shatter粉碎；砸碎；破坏；摧毁；使心烦意乱；使震惊；使精疲力竭
solar cells太阳能电池；太阳能蓄电池
perovskite钙钛矿；类似钛酸钙晶体的矿物
healable可治好的
adsorbing吸附；（adsorb的现在分词形式）
hail雹；冰雹；招呼；高呼；一阵；下雹；下冰雹；像雹子般落下；热情认可；来自；示意（出租车）停下；欢迎；好啊；万岁
by car乘车；坐车
soaking湿透的；浸泡；浸渍
In summary, we report a tough, self-healable, and lead-adsorbing ionogel to be incorporated into perovskite solar module encapsulation to simultaneously reduce lead leakage and enhance device stability.
总之，我们报道了一种坚韧的、可自我修复的、吸附铅的离子凝胶，它将被加入到钙钛矿太阳能电池组件封装中，以同时减少铅泄漏并提高器件稳定性。
The ionogel-based encapsulation is compatible for PSCs with high efficiency (champion PCE of 18.5% for minimodule and 22.9% for small cells) and shows impressive long-term stability (less than 5% relative efficiency loss after DH and Thermal Cycling tests).
基于离子凝胶的封装适用于高效率的PSC(极小模块的冠军PCE为18.5%，小电池为22.9%)，并显示出令人印象深刻的长期稳定性(在DH和热循环测试后，相对效率损失不到5%)。
Incorporation of ionogel in the encapsulation markedly suppressed lead leakage from broken perovskite modules. Undetectable lead (<1 ppb) could escape from the damaged perovskite module after a simulated hail test, followed by water soaked for 24 hours.
在封装中加入离子凝胶显著抑制了来自破碎钙钛矿模块的铅泄漏。模拟冰雹试验后，无法检测到的铅(< 1 ppb)可能会从受损的钙钛矿模块中逸出，随后用水浸泡24小时。
Even under extreme conditions such as being run over by a car, the robust ionogel layer–based encapsulation could remain intact and act as a filter layer to suppress lead leakage by almost three orders of magnitude better compared to devices encapsulated by the standard glass cover and POE sealant.
即使在极端条件下，如被汽车碾过，坚固的离子凝胶层封装仍可保持完整，并作为过滤层，与标准玻璃盖和POE密封剂封装的器件相比，可将铅泄漏抑制近三个数量级。
These results will accelerate perovskite solar technology to real-world applications.
这些结果将加速钙钛矿太阳能技术在现实世界中的应用。
重点词汇
in summary简要地说
healable可治好的
adsorbing吸附；（adsorb的现在分词形式）
perovskite钙钛矿；类似钛酸钙晶体的矿物
encapsulation封装；包装
undetectable觉察不到的；探测不到的
escape from掏逃出；逃离；摆脱
hail雹；冰雹；招呼；高呼；一阵；下雹；下冰雹；像雹子般落下；热情认可；来自；示意（出租车）停下；欢迎；好啊；万岁
soaked浸透的
run over溢出；超过；升旗
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