第5讲 选词填空
（注：2017年6月高考为考生回忆版）
【考纲解读】
选词填空是2014年高考改革出现的新题型之一，由原来的十选九变成十一选十，分值从9分上升为10分。一般来说第一句是文章主题句并且不设空；一般每隔15－30个词会有一个空；空与空之间有完整意群，是将词汇的使用和完形阅读紧密结合的一道题型。近年来选词增加了对派生词和合成词的考查，文章难度也逐渐增大，加之单词之间的连带性，牵一发而动全身，因此较难得满分。
【考点分析】
（注：以单词在真题中实际词性为主，未涉及词类活用）
· 主要考查名词，动词，形容词和副词；
· 动词是考查重点，尤其是动词的分词变形为主；动词时语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点；
· 名词与形容词为次重点，每年都有考查；对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰须要学生熟练掌握；
· 副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考查。它在句中的位置灵活，功能强大，一般是二选一；
· 近几年来越来越加大派生词和合成词的考核，要求学生根据单词构成的规律正确判断词性和词义。
【知识梳理】
一、选词填空解题步骤
第一步：详读选项，词分类
选项中的11个词是考查的关键，考生应该详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是11选1了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选1甚至2选1，缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。
注意：
1. 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(形容词和动词的过去分词), 无法确定时标问号。
2. 不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中, 前缀区分意思, 后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的, 暂时搁置。
3. 做出相应的标记。在英文中有的单词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit, access, approach, challenge, change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。 这时两个都要标出来。
4. 以-ing或-ed 结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。
例如：sleeping "She is sleeping."中就是动词。而在"sleeping beauty"中就是形容词。建议同学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。
第二步：略读全文，定中心
考生拿到题目以后，由于考查考生对篇章的理解，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的问题。文章大概在220词--250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。
第三步：关注逻辑、词义，灵活选
可以通过词义判断(即通过同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。注意，在判断词义的过程中关注十一性代词，比如these等词的提示作用，避免主观答题。
第四步：复核检查，定结果
篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这需要考生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。
二、选词填空词性判断概述
（一）判断词性的技巧
前面提到的"瞻前顾后"就是需要考生根据空格的前后来决定所填词的词性以及应填的正确选项，我们可以根据一些简单的语法知识确定答案。应该说语法知识是解词汇理解题的基础。
1. 确定空格为名词
(1) a /an/the n. , adj. n. , vt. n. , 即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词；
(2) n. v., 即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)；
(3) prep. n., 即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。
2. 确定空格为动词
(1) n./pron. vt. n./pron., 即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为及物动词；
(2) n./pron. vi. , 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词；
(3) n./pron. vi. adv./prep., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配；
(4) n./pron. link v./be. adj., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词；
(5) to v. , 即空格处前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。
3. 确定空格为形容词
(1) adj. n. 或n. adj. , 即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词；
(2) adv. adj. , 即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词；
(3) link/be v. adj., 即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。
4. 确定空格为副词
(1) adv. v. 或v. adv. , 即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词；
(2) adv. adj., 即空格处后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。
（二）利用逻辑关系词确定答案
在篇章词汇理解题目中，文章的逻辑关系对于考生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的逻辑关系通过一些逻辑关系词体现的，考生可以通过逻辑关系词来确定出一些答案。
常见的逻辑关系词如下：
(1) 并列关系：and, or, as well as 等
(2) 对比关系：but, however, on the contrary, rather than 等
(3) 比较关系：as…as, like, similar 等
(4) 因果关系：because, for, since, as a result of, therefore, thus 等
(5) 举例关系：for example, for instance, such as, and so on 等
(6) 递进关系：and, what's more, moreover, in addition 等
（三）比较填词
将词性分类后，如何确定哪个选项是正确答案呢？这就需要考生进行选项间的比较，比较同词性的词汇哪一个是最佳答案。这里提示考生可以通过词义判断(即通过同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。这里还要提示考生，填入一个词就划掉一个，为下面的选词缩小范围。
三、近五年选词填空考点汇总
【真题拾遗】
上海2014高考真题
A. alert B. classify C. commit D. delicately E. gentle F. impose
G. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simply
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.
Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.
【答案】41—45 GCIFE 46—50 BKJAH
【解析】
41. G 本题考查名词搭配。由于在超市里，所以是阅读食物标签（labels）。故选G。
42. C 本题考查动词短语搭配。根据所给词汇以及…yourself to a healthier lifestyle，只有commit yourself to（承诺……）符合句意。故选C。
43. L 本题考查动词用法。根据后面内容some of the burden of doing it all yourself以及前面动词help可知此空应填relieve（减轻），构成"……能够有助于减轻独自做这事的一些负担"。故选L。
44. F 本题考查动词用法。根据句子逻辑，此句意思为"政府不必通过法律来强加（impose）更健康的生活方式，如戒烟"。故选F。
45. E 本题考查形容词用法。根据设空，本空填形容词，而alert（警觉的）不符合句意，只有gentle（文雅的）符合句意。故选E。
46. B 本题考查动词短语用法。本句句意为"英国和瑞典政府引进了所谓的交通灯系统来吧食物分类为健康的或不健康的"，短语classify …as…表示"把……分类为……"，故选B。
47. K 本题考查副词用法。根据…customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package（顾客们只要看包装上的指示灯一眼就能看出每一个产品含有多少脂肪、糖和盐）可知，此空填simply。故选K。
48. J 本题考查动词用法。由于空后所接的是宾语从句，所以该空填及物动词，结合后面indicates的意思可知，该空填signals（表示）。故选J。
49. A 本题考查形容词用法。根据前面"绿灯表示三种营养的量是健康的"可知"黄灯表示三种营养的量可能有问题"，因此消费者应当留心（alert）。故选A。
50. H 本题考查名词词义。根据句子red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients（红灯意味着至少三个营养中的一个是高的）可知，这样的食物应当有节制地（in moderation）吃。故选H。
上海2015高考真题
A. access B. alternatives C. assigned D. confirmed E. conflicting F. elements
G. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supporting
Considering how much time people spend in offices, it is important that work spaces be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation's image. They motivate workers, and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential or 41 customers. They make businesses work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture we live in.
As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers have come up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible "strategic management environments." These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.
As employee hierarchies(等级制度)have flattened, or decreased, office designers' response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been 44 by changes in workstation design. Office and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new designs allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage and equipment within the workstation. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by lowing the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places, and upgraded employees' 47 to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.
Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employee hierarchies and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or promote a company's image and will enable employees to 49 at their best.
All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like a good marriage — the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.
【答案】41—45 IBHDC 46—50 JAEGF
【解析】
41. I本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前面的单词potential （形容词，潜在的）和or（表并列，意为或者），可以知道答案是一个形容词且意思和潜在的是相近的。结合备选答案及单词意思，只有prospective （adj. 未来的; 预期的; 可能的; 有希望的;）符合。
42. B本题考查名词。根据划线部分后面的介词to,答案是一个和to构成的搭配，符合条件的只有access（n.可进入）和alternatives（n.选择），根据语义"办公室设计师想出了相对于过去传统的工作坏境的不同选择"可知答案。
43. H 本题考查形容词。根据划线部分后面的名词solutions（解决办法）可以知道该空应该是填一个形容词，又根据划线部分前面的代词These可以知道，后面所说的内容其实是指代前一句话的内容"设计工厂已经把一个固定的办公室转变为一个创造性地灵活环境"。备选答案中能够和创造性同义的词就只有这个选项innovative革新的。
44. D本题考查动词。根据划线部分前面的has also been以及划线部分后面的by changes，这是典型的被动语态的结构形式have/has been done by sth.所以可以知道答案选项应该是过去分词形式。备选的答案有assigned（分派）；confirmed（确认），根据句意可以知道答案是confirmed。
45. C 本题考查动词。同44题分析，答案也是过去分词形式，此处填assigned（分派），通过语义复查"办公室和工作室通常不会永远分派给一个指定的人"符合。
46. J本题考查动词。划线部分是定语从句修饰先行词walls,根据语法知识可知此处填及物动词原形，备选答案只有separate（分开）符合。
47. A本题考查名词。根据划线部分前面的employees'这个名词所有格及划线部分后的介词，可以知道这个空格要填名词形式。如果从搭配的角度来看，基本可以确定答案为access, access to 的意思是进入。如果按照意思来排除，也可以知道答案是access。本句意为"设计者也创造了一个非正式的聚会地方，同时也更新了员工进入如复印室和咖啡屋之类的地方。"
48. E 本题考查形容词。根据划线部分后面可知该空填和competing并列的形容词修饰demands（要求），答案只有conflicting（有冲突的）符合。
49. G本题考查动词。本句意为"这种要求要注意均衡内饰的需要和使得员工起到最好的作用，内饰在一定程度上，可以加强，建立或促进公司的形象。"根据划线部分前面的to，结合搭配enable sb to do sth可以知道空格填动词形式，而且是原形。到现在的备选答案只有function，所以答案就是它了。另外，要注意function可以做不及物动词及名词。
50. F 本题考查名词。根据划线部分的前面是these，后面是of可以知道空格要填的是一个名词形式。再根据these 的指代作用，知道这个名词应该是一个还有概括意义的词。综合上面的题目，剩下的备选答案是elements（要素）和supporting（支持），其中supporting 词性不对，这也表明supporting是多余的那种选项。所以答案是elements. 本句意为"所有的这些办公室要素都有关联"。
上海2016高考真题
Golden Rules of Good Design
What makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.
Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42 .
More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.
Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product's function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.
From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important asrational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.
【答案】41—45 DEJGC 46—50 HBFAK
【解析】
41. D本题考查动词。capture这里表示"抓住；控制"，动词的宾语部分是the essentials of good design（优秀设计的本质）。这些年来，设计者和美术工作者们一直在努力抓住优秀设计的本质。
42. E本题考查名词。decoration表示"装饰物"，decorations作动词avoid（避免）的宾语。设计应该避免不必要的装饰品。
43. J本题考查形容词。soulless表示"死板的；无生气的"，soulless修饰design，soulless design表示死气沉沉的设计，soulless与前面的simplicity相互照应。美国出生的建筑师Robert Venturi总结说如果简明是差劲地做出的简明，那么结果会是毫无生机的设计。
44. G本题考查动词短语。experiment with表示"测试；试验"，动词的宾语为decoration and color（装饰和色彩）。后现代设计师开始再次尝试装饰和颜色。
45. C本题考查名词。appliance在这里表示"家用器具"。本句中的名词组合kitchen appliances（厨房器具）与后面的名词组合ovens and kettles（烤箱和水壶）相互照应。产品设计为这种观点所严重影响，而这种设计可以在如烤箱和水壶这类厨房器具中看到。
46. H本题考查动词。intend表示"打算；想要；有意设计"，动词intend在句中的宾语为宾语从句的连接代词what，动词intend与前文的a product's function, purpose, shape, form, color（一个产品的功能、目的、形状、式样、颜色）有相关性。对于使用者来说最重要的是产品实现想要的功能。
47. B本题考查形容词。adjustable表示"可调整的"，修饰名词组合desk lamp，adjustable desk lamp表示"可调整的台灯"，adjustable与后文的regular adjustments相互照应。例如，考虑一个可调节的台灯。它需要用可以抵挡灯的热量和使用者常规调整的材料制成。
48. F本题考查动词。direct在这里表示"投射；投向"。句中动词的宾语为light（灯光）。最重要的是，它需要把光照到需要的位置。
49. A本题考查名词。account用于动词短语take into account，表示"考虑"。他相信设计必须考虑到我们天性的感官方面—视觉、嗅觉、触觉和味觉。
50. K本题考查动词。squeeze表示"挤压"，句中动词squeeze的宾语为toothpaste（牙膏）。当选择牙膏类的日常用品时，我们欣赏一件外观清爽的可以让我们把牙膏方便地挤到牙刷上的设计品。
上海2018年1月真题
Castle
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both 31 and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the 32 of our culture.
Castles were 33 built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror 34 through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English 35 . Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both 36 and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they 37 and pay tribute to the lord. They would 38 disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites 39 the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily 40 of the lord's strength.
【答案】31—35 DBFKH 36—40 ECAGI
【解析】
31. D本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个形容词和well-fortified（a. 坚固的）构成并列结构修饰前面的structure（n. 建筑物），imposing是壮观的意思，不是impose（v. 强加）的分词结构。
32. B本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个名词，根据语义"城堡仍然统治着我们文化的魅力"。
33. F本题考查副词。根据划线部分前后结构完整，所以此处需要一个副词，备选的答案有originally（adv. 起初）和randomly（adv. 随机地），根据语义"城堡起初建立在英格兰"，可知答案。
34. K本题考查动词词组。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个一般过去时的谓语动词，同时和through构成搭配，结合语义"当征服者威廉横扫英格兰"，可知答案。
35. H本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后此处填名词，根据语义"城堡受到英国叛军的威胁"，可知答案。
36. E本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个形容词和defensive（a. 防守的）构成并列结构修饰城堡的作用，可知填offensive（a. 攻击的）。
37. C本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个谓语动词在定语从句中修饰先行词lands, 根据语义"他们所管理的土地"，可知答案。
38. A本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处填动词原形和disputes（纠纷）构成搭配，故填address,这里是解决的意义。
39. G本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处填非谓语动词作sites的定语，同时又和the surrounding areas构成动宾结构，所以填现在分词overlooking（俯视），这个词也常考忽视的意义。
40. I本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处填可数名词单词，可知答案reminder（n. 提醒物）。
上海2018年6月真题
Some Very "American" Words Come from Chinese
Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let's start with them.
kowtow
The English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems 31 . It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head." It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to 32 – such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to 33 a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused his 34 to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.
It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.
gung-ho
Another borrowed word that came about through 35 between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term -- gōngyè hézuòshè-- means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying"...all the soldiers 36 themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over." He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had 37 . In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion." From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.
typhoon
In English, a typhoon is a very powerful and 38 storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans." The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind." The word's 39 to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word – typhoon – was influenced by the Cantonese but 40 to make it appear more Greek.
【答案】31—35 FJGDC 36—40 AKEIH
【解析】
31. F本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处和seem构成系表结构，根据语义"通过谦卑的方式遵守掌权的人"，可知答案。
32. J本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据语义"磕头和下跪的行为是表示对上级的尊重"，可知答案。
33. G本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处填动词原形，根据语义"英国国王乔治三世派人去中国洽谈一份贸易协议"，可知答案。
34. D本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据语义"Macartney爵士拒绝他的代表团做除了下跪以外的事情"。
35. C本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要填不可数名词或者可数名词复数。根据上下文gung-ho这个借来词是合作的意思，所以横线处填contact（n. 联系），这个词也有动词的用法。
36. A本题考查动词短语。根据划线部分前后，此处需要构成… sb. to sth.的结构,可知只有committed符合，commit sb. to sth.（致力于）。
37. K本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要填过去分词，根据语义"他们所目睹的精神"，可知答案。
38. E本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个形容词和powerful构成并列结构修饰后面的风暴，可知答案。
39. I本题考查名词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个名词和to构成搭配，根据语义"这个单词与touffon的相似性纯属偶然"，可知答案。
40. H本题考查动词。根据划线部分前后，此处需要一个动词和前面的influence构成并列关系，结合语义"typhoon这个单词收广东话的影响，但是又经过重新拼写使它看上去更像希腊语"，可知答案。
【模拟演练】
· 一词多性
1. Like many rural UK pubs, the Black Swan had been in decline for many years before 2006, when Banks' family took over.（2018年黄浦区一模）
解析：decline在此处译为"下降"名词，decline还有动词：下降，谢绝，衰退等义项。
2. A leader who has respect for other people at all levels of an organization, for the work they do, and for their abilities, desires and needs, will find that respect is return . And all concerned will be motivated to work together. （2018年长宁嘉定区一模）
解析：return在此处译为"归还"动词，还有名词：回报等义项。
3. But China is not the first country to seek a cashless society. Developed states like Sweden, Denmark and Singapore are also witness the increase of cashless payment.（2018年徐汇区一模）
解析：witness在此处译为"目击"动词，还有名词：证人等义项。
4. the presence of large antennae and legs that can mask the view of their wings," Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.（2018年奉贤区一模）
解析：mask在此处译为"掩饰"动词，还有名词：面具等义项。
5. The auditory training came in the form of fund hearing tasks that primed the participants to hear better by requiring them to identify various speech sounds.（2018年普陀区一模）
解析：fund在此处译为"投资"动词，还有名词：基金等义项。
6. They have a(an) hunger to take responsibility and to innovate.（2018年长宁嘉定区一模）
解析：hunger在此处译为"渴望"名词，还有动词：渴望，挨饿等义项。
7. Anyone can spare the next 120 seconds. Use this time to get one thing done.（2018年青浦区一模）
解析：spare在此处译为"抽出"动词，还有形容词：空余的，动词：节省等义项。
8. Arla signed the cooperation contract , which comes into effect this month, with Mengniu Dairy at the end of August to set up a milk-powder joint venture in Hohhot, capital of North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.（2018年虹口区二模）
解析：contract在此处意思为"合同"；还可以做动词，意思是"收缩、感染"。
9. Foreigners sense monocultural arrogance at once and set up their own cultural barriers, which may effectively block any attempt by the monocultural person to motivate them.（2018年浦东新区二模）
解析：block在此处意思为：阻碍；阻隔"。block还可以做名词，意思"街区"
10. So, for example, instead of learning one banjo chord at a time until you perfect it, you train in several at once and in shorter bursts. （2018年闵行区二模）
解析: perfect在这里用做动词：完善，perfect还可以做形容词：完美的。
11. Think of the difference between blocking and interleaving like a boxer who practices one move over and over again versus a boxer who practices by sparring in the ring.（2018年闵行区二模）
解析: move在这里用做名词：举动，move还可以用做动词：移动。在这句话里面的意思是：重复一个一个动作
12. According to the Reuters Institute of Journalism, many publishers are using robo-journalism to release interesting information quickly, from election results to official figure on social issues.（2018年奉贤区二模）
解析: release在34空用做：发行发布，release还可以用做名词：发行发布释放等意思，这里的意思是：发布信息。
figure的意思有很多，名词：数字人物形象等，动词：计算出找出；在这里跟official搭配使用，意思是：官方人物
13. And while Dylan has enjoyed favor as an outside shot for the award, the prospect that the musician would be the one to break the Americans' long dry period was regarded as unlikely.（2018年崇明区二模）
解析9: prospect 在这里用做名词，意思是：前景，prospect还可以用做动词，意思是勘探，探测
14. India's recent pollution emergency is the most dramatic incidence （发生率）of dangerous air pollution, but smoggy skies have been a cause of growing concern in most developing countries. （2018年普陀区二模）
解析: concern在这里用做名词，意识是担心担忧，concern还可以用做动词意思是担忧；关系等意思，concern用做名词的时候后面可以直接加名词行从句。
15. Now, with our environment arguably under greater threat than ever and species declining at a(n) alarming rate, volunteers are once again at the forefront of efforts to limit the damage.（2018年徐汇区二模）
解析：alarming在此处意思是"令人感到警觉的，警惕的"意思，alarm本身是：n. 警钟，闹钟；v. 警惕，在这里是v-ing 形式，用作形容词。
· 一词多义
1.Trump has also promised to prioritize the economic growth that creates jobs and lifts incomes for all Americans.（2018年虹口区一模）
解析：lifts在此处译为"提升"，还有举起，鼓舞，消散等义项。
2. "In our study they produced far more expressions when someone was watching, but seeing food treat did not have the same effect."（2018年浦东新区一模）
解析：treat在此处译为"款待"，还有治疗，对待等义项。
3. But the scientists hope their study can one day be applied to new developments in more human-focused use. （2018年奉贤区一模）
解析：applied在此处译为"运用"，还有申请等义项。
4. The tower basically serves as a(n) pickup point for used cars that customers purchase through the website.（2018年崇明区一模）
解析：pickup在此处译为"收集"，还有整理，小卡车等义项。
5. They even get virtual tours that point out every scratch on the body of the car.（2018年崇明区一模）
解析：virtual在此处译为"虚拟的"，还有实质上的等义项。
6. Analyze images of faces cheaply, quickly and on a vast scale promises one day to bring about fundamental changes to notions of privacy, fairness and trust.（2018年松江区一模）
解析：scale在此处译为"比例"名词，还有规模，级别，鱼鳞等义项。
7. Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the extent and rapidity of the changes in the cells.（2018年宝山区一模）
解析：extent在此处译为"广度"名词，还有地域，扣押等义项。
8. "We will watch the market closely and re-invest here in a(n) appropriate time," an official of the Dutch firm Friesland said when it withdraw its investment in its Tianjin joint venture last year after eight years.（2018年奉贤区二模）
解析: withdraw在这里的意思是：撤退，withdraw还可以用做动词意思是：取钱。在这里的意思是：撤出其投资。
9. I wanted the photos to reflect the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone.（2018年黄浦区二模）
解析: reflect在这里的意思是：反映，reflect还可以用做动词：反思，reflect on sth :反思某事
10. Of course, it's far more difficult to determine candidates' multiculturalism than it is to check their language skills --- but it's also a far more important ingredient to success. （2018年浦东新区二模）
解析: ingredient本意是：原料，配料，在这里还可以解释为：元素的意思
11. A multilingual salesperson can explain the advantages of a product in other languages, but a multicultural salesperson can motivate foreigners to buy it. That's a(an) critical difference. （2018年浦东新区二模）
解析: critical 有两个意思：批判性的，常见的词组搭配：critical thinking批判性思维；其次还可以用做：关键的，极其重要的，在这里翻译为后者的意思。
12. Because each person in our survey was observed multiple times, we can control for the effect of individual characteristics on the outcome variables. （2018年普陀区二模）
解析: observed的意思主要有两个：观察；遵守，在这里的意思是：观察
13. Just what he will write in the future remains cloudy .（2018年嘉定区二模）
解析: cloudy字面意思是：多云的，还可以用做：朦胧的，模糊不清的
14. However, it seems unlikely that Bergün's new law was really thought up as a way to spare Facebook or Instagram users of the depressing experience of seeing the beauty of the village. （2018年青浦区二模）
解析: spare 的意思是：节约，节省；宽恕；使某人免遭麻烦等意思，在这里的意思是第三个，这句话翻译为：使Facebook 的使用者免遭遇到不好的经历的麻烦的意思。
15. A few days ago, Mayor Nicolay address the controversial photo ban in a promotional video, where he offers people visiting Bergün a special permit to take photos. （2018年青浦区二模）
解析: address 可以用做名词：地址，也可以用做动词：称呼；发表演讲的意识，需要尤其注意。在这里address的意思是发表演讲
【要点总结】
课后作业
2018年黄浦区二模
Why India's Pink City' is a Photographer's Heaven
The city of Jaipur is one of India's wonders. It 31 some of the country's most decorative royal palaces-elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today. Largely built in the 1700s, Jaipur is surrounded by a city wall and several 32 castles. Considered as a commercial center, it was ahead of its time due to the use of grid iron (网格状) city planning.
A romantic dusty pink type-which has 33 the city since 1876, after it was painted pink towel come Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert-gives Jaipur its 34 as the "Pink City". This 35 beauty is what first brought Hong Kong-based photographers Victor Cheng and Samantha Wong to Jaipur.
Walking in glass skyscrapers for century-old royal palaces and historic castles, the pair-who have 130,000 Instagram followers between them-said that the images they 36 in Jaipur received a lot of response online. "A lot of our followers hadn't seen this side of India, so we're happy we were able to show this side of the country." Cheng said.
For the photographers, one of the city's most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of its buildings. "The first gate you see when you enter are pink," said Wong. "Once you're through, everything around you varies in different 37 of the color-from bright pinks to reddish browns."
The building is a(n) 38 of the City Palace, and its windows allowed royal women to observe street life without appearing in public. One of Cheng's most striking photos shows a straight front of the building and its hundreds of windows. The building's lively coloring also pushed Cheng to take a different 39 to editing than with images of other cities. "I toned down my usual editing process because the pink was so bright in reality," he said, "I wanted the photos to 40 the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone.
Keys: 31-40: HEFK BCJGAI
2018年宝山区二模
Computer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening to
In the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The neural(神经的) fingerprint of each song on participants' brain was 31 by the Magnetic Resonance (MR) machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical 32 such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken in account by the computer.
After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the 33 way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity -- a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85% 34 in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.
Researchers then pushed the test even 35 by providing not two but 10 options (e.g. one correct and nine wrong) to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.
In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication 36 any kind of written or spoken language. "Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs," says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D'Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a 37 between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.
According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide 38 to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he expects to find answers for 39 like "what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don't? Is our brain 40 to prefer a specific kind of music?"
Keys: 31-40 GKABH FICEJ
2018年虹口区一模
Donald Trump 31 his place as the United States' 45th president after crossing the 270 electoral vote threshold（门槛）on November 9. The 70-year-old Republican will take over from Barack Obama, a two-term president to occupy the White House.
The rise of Trump, a celebrity businessman with no previous experience in the 32 or elected office, surprised nearly everyone in politics. Trump's victory over Clinton will end eight years of Democratic 33 of the White House. He will govern with Congress fully under Republican control and lead a country deeply 34 by his campaign against Clinton. Given the numerous Republicans who never backed him, Trump will have to face divisions within his own party, too.
As he claimed victory, Trump 35 Americans to "come together as one united people." "I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be president for all Americans," he said in his victory speech. Striking a gentle tone, Trump continued that he would reach out to a few of those who had chosen not to support him for 36 and help so that "we can work together and unify our great country."
As president, Trump's governing agenda remains unclear. The president-elect has promised to bring changes to the United States. He said he would build a wall along the U.S.- Mexico border to stop immigrants from coming into the country 37 , 38 immigration from countries with ties to terrorist groups, and bargain with foreign governments such as those of Russia and China. Trump has also promised to prioritize the economic growth that creates jobs and 39 incomes for all Americans.
Trump is a wild card, many voters said, but he definitely has a chance to be a successful president as long as he recognizes the responsibilities he 40 and follows through on his promises.
Keys: 31-40: JFACE HKGBD
1
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