根据新课程标准的要求,为使学生能写出高水平的书面表达,教师应做如下引导:
(一)写作能力的引导
1.学会使用较高级的词汇
1)同义词法:英语中表达相同意义的词汇很多,有的比较常见,属于初级词汇;有的稍难,要通过大量阅读才会掌握,属于较高级词汇。写作时使用常见词汇的较高级同义词或近义词会让文章生色许多。例如、
一般:
My school is in the west of the city.
高级:
My school lies in the west of the school./
My school is located in the west of the city.
2)反义词法:
有时还可以用高级的反义词来替换初级词汇。
例如、
一般:You can easily remember these words if you use them every day.
高级:You’ll have no trouble/difficulty remembering these words if you use them every day.
3)构词法:
英语中一个词往往属于一个家族,每个家族中的单词意义相关,但词性不同。
例如,
一般:My little sister is eight years old.
高级:My little sister is an eight-year-old girl.使用普通词汇的派生词或合成词,也可以让词汇变得更有色彩。
例如、
一般:The party is very successful.
高级:The party is a great success.
4)同义结构替换法:英语中很多实用地道的短语,用在写作中可以让文章的味道更浓。
比如,thanks to, turn out, in spite of, as a result, as for, on the other hand, make it等。
另外英语中还常用分词结构或介词短语结构来替代一些状语从句。
例如、
一般:If the weather is fine, we’ll go hill climbing tomorrow.
高级:Weather permitting, we’ll go hill climbing tomorrow.
2.学写优美流畅的句子
1)正确构建简单句:写好作文的第一步,要写正确的简单句。只有包含了主语、谓语动词等的句子才是完整的简单句,否则就是不完整的句子(祈使句、省略句和特殊句型除外)。简单句有五种基本类型:S(主语) V(谓语) 其它,S V O(宾语) 其它,S V O 宾补,S V O 人 物 其它,S 系动词 表语。
2)恰当使用复合句:如果一篇作文一律用简单句,犯错的几率会减小,但难免过于平淡。恰当正确地使用少量复合句,可以增强文章的色彩。
一篇100字左右的文章,应尽量使用3个左右的复合句。
例如,
简单句:A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
定语从句:The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.
3)恰当使用分词结构:分词结构做状语比用状语从句或并列句简练,尤其用来表示伴随时,可以让描写更加生动活泼。读读下面的分词结构:Feeling tired, I went to bed early.(= Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.)
4)长短句结合:用单调的语调讲话会让听众感到乏味,写文章也是如此。在写作中注意长短句的结合,可增加文章的节奏感和韵味。
5)尝试特殊句型:感叹句、强调句和倒装句可以传达强烈的思想情感,让文章增加色彩。例如,普通句:The bell is ringing now.倒装句:There goes the bell!
6) 适当引用格言谚语:恰当地使用格言谚语会使文章更具说服力,并能形成个性,写出亮点,写出文采。
3.学会写段落
1)主题句(Topic sentence):写段落的第一步是确定主题句,也就是该段落的中心思想。
主题句可以出现在段落开头、中间或结尾,也可以隐含于句子中。
一般来说,段落以主题句开头更便于读者了解大意。
主题句分为两部分,包括主题和自己的看法。如:Smoking is bad for health.其中smoking 是主题(idea),is bad for health是自己的看法。
2)支撑句(Supporting details):
主题句写好以后,要使用恰当的细节或例子来支撑它。一般一个主题句应该使用2-3个例子来加以说明或证明。
比如上文的主题句Smoking is bad for health,可以使用下列细节来支撑:Heavy smokers often suffer from lung diseases./Smoking gives people yellow teeth and bad breath./People get addicted to smoking.支撑细节务必要紧扣主题,不能随意发挥。比如:Smoking costs a lot of money就不能很好地支持Smoking is bad for health这个主题句。
3)统一性和连贯性:在选择支撑信息时,要注意必须围绕主题句;同时要使用恰当的连接词汇,保持上下文的连贯性,如上面练习中用到的first of all, also等。
4.学会构建篇章
一篇文章的结构与段落类似,包括:主题段、支撑段和结尾段。主题段点明文章的中心思想,支撑段可能有1-3个,是对中心思想的展开和讨论。结尾段可归纳全文,也可改变措辞,回顾主题,还可以提问,引发思考。
5.学会使用好过渡词语
要写好一篇文章,不但要把握好体裁、主题、时态和人称,写好每一个句子,还要用好过渡词语,使行文衔接自然。
初中阶段学生可用的过渡词语有:
并列与递进:and, also, as well as, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what’s more, etc.
转折:but, however, although, though, nevertheless, after all, in spite of, etc.
对比:or, otherwise, like, unlike, while, instead of, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.
因果:because, as, for, since, so, thus, therefore, as a result, because of, for this reason, etc.
总结:in all, in brief, in a (one) word, in general, in short, on the whole, generally speaking, etc.
时间顺序:and then, next, after that, firstly, secondly, and finally, at once, immediately, shortly after that, two days later, at this point
(二)写作过程与技巧的引导
1.指导学生仔细审题,从而确定格式。要让学生弄清命题人让写什么样的题材及体裁,从而确定用什么格式,用什么人称。防止出现跑题现象。
2.分析信息,明确要求,列出要点。要让学生认真分析所提供的信息,把所给的要求弄清楚,把要表达的要点用简单的汉字写在草纸上,并编上序号。
3.根据所学知识确定句型。让学生写出要点后,再让学生分析一下要点的内含意义,想一下每个要点要用哪个动词、短语和句型来表达,把句型写在要点后。注意要善于捕捉几个高级字词句。
4.结合文体定时态,合理安排连成文。句型定好后要结合文体确定时态,有的文体以现在时为主,如说明文;有的以过去时为主,如日记。把文体对时态的总要求与每个句型的具体情况相结合来确定时态,如果全文有好几种时态,要在每个句型后作上标记,以免写成文后疏忽大意。
几种常用时态及其所用体裁
现在时态介绍人物、地点、学习、爱好、生活
过去时态看图作文、日记
将来时态通知、邀请函
5.指导学生进行复查。短文写好后要让学生检查一下动词时态、语态是否正确,主谓是否一致,名词的数及冠词的使用是否恰当等语法问题,还要检查一下大小写及标点符号的使用是否有误,语言是否得体等,以便及时纠正。
(三)文化意识引导
中国初中学生英语写作经常碰到的难题之一是母语文化的干扰。英语写作过程是学生用英语书面表达思想的过程,这个过程极易受到母语思维的影响,造成很多失误。请看下面的学生的中文式翻译:
1. We have computer class one week a time.
2. Go into my school, you can see many flowers.
3. There have 100 books.
4. I study there very happy.
5. I usually swimming there.
6. I forget said this, our school wall beside has many trees.
7. Several hours after, he was surprised.
8. He had to asked the other one.
9. He thought he speak well.
10. Mr. Li is come from Beijing .
11. He was very hardly. He likes studying Chinese.
12. This film is very good-looking .
13. It is very good to family look.
14. I think we can’t live Internet.
15. People use the net to send the mails has the most people.
16. I have a future dream.
17. It can help me to walk on my life road.
18. I think everything must be change a lot.
19. I just wonder what does my future like and what should I do.
20. But I singing not very well.
21. Tom’s mum didn’t care him.
22. Almost students use the computer not study.
23. Send mail is most of people like to do in the net.
24. When I was very small.
因此,我们应让学生更多地了解英美文化,提高驾驭语言的能力,应注意英汉思维模式的差异及其在语言中的表现,熟知英语写作规律,学会运用英语思维组织材料,从而减少文章的汉式英语。
为此,在教学中我们应多讲解英语国家的文化背景知识,比较英汉文化差异,导入英语思维内容,并与汉语思维进行对比,在对比中使学生领会英汉两种语言在选词、造句、谋篇方面的差别;要习惯分析英美民族的思维活动方式、模式和观念原则,培养学生的跨文化意识,帮助其克服母语迁移心理,排除母语思维干扰,循序渐进地培养用英语思维的习惯和能力;要求学生多看文章,看地道的英语文章,同时多多储备优美的英语表达句子,这样才能做到拿起笔时,心中有数,肚里有货,才不会生硬翻译句子而弄出笑话了。
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