概念引入 上个单元我们学习了有关被动语态的一些知识,着重讲了不定式的被动语态的用法本单元我们继续学习不能用于被动语态的词语,然后小结一下动词-ing形式的被动语态的使用,我来为大家科普一下关于英语3大被动语态归纳?以下内容希望对你有帮助!

英语3大被动语态归纳(英语语法被动语态复习点2)

英语3大被动语态归纳

概念引入

上个单元我们学习了有关被动语态的一些知识,着重讲了不定式的被动语态的用法。本单元我们继续学习不能用于被动语态的词语,然后小结一下动词-ing形式的被动语态的使用。

看下面句子:

1. I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on, I raced after him.

2. As we drew closer, I could see a whale being attacked by a pack of about six other killers.

3. Being badly wounded, the whale soon died.

4. I could see he was terrified of being abandoned by us.

5. A few minutes later, there was no Tom, so George started beating the water with his oar and there was Tom, circling back to the boat, leading us to the hunt again.

这些句子中斜体词部分的动词-ing形式中,前四个句子里的是被动形式:句1中作宾语,句2中是宾语补足语,句3中是状语,句4中是介词宾语。而句5中beating作宾语,后两个作状语。

用法讲解

【高清课堂:复习被动语态(三) 特殊用法

没有被动语态的词语

一个句子怎样变被动语态呢?就是把主谓宾的句子的宾语变成主语,就用被动语态了。但是如果句子的谓语是不及物动词,后面没有宾语,当然也不能变成被动语态了。

I. 不及物动词/词组

take place,happen,come about (发生);break out (爆发),appear (出现),disappear (消失),

break down (出故障), come out (出来,出版), run out (用光), give out (用光),

last (持续),arise (引起) 等。

1. A fire broke out during the night. 晚上发生了大火。

2. Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就用这个钱。

3. The gas has run out. 煤气用光了。

4. The book will come out in two weeks. 书两周后出版。

II. 表示主语的某种属性

常见如下词汇sell, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear等。

这些词可以是及物动词,如sell,我们可以说“I sell the book.”\ “The book is sold...”,但有时句子不出现动作的发出者,也不强调是谁做的这件事,而仅仅是某种情况,如下面各句中动词后都接了一个描述动作的副词well,quickly等,都是对某事物的评判,这时也不用被动语态。

1. The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

2. The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。

3. This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。

注:该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用。也可用于进行时态 。

Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?

III. 系动词

如: look, sound, taste, smell, feel(表感官的系动词);remain, keep, stay(表状态的系动词);become, get, grow(表变化的系动词);prove证明是,measure尺寸是, weigh重量是。

1. In warm weather fruit and meat don’t keep long.

温暖的天气里,水果和肉都不能长期保存。

2. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. 良药苦口。

3. Much remains to be done. 还有许多(事情/工作)要做。

注意:remain和主语much无被动关系;而to be done的逻辑主语是much,用被动形式。

4. Your idea sounds a good one. 你的主意听起来不错。

5. My advice proved (to be) wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。

6. The room measures 6 by 8. 这个房间的尺寸是6×8。

7. The fish weighs two kilos. 这条鱼重2千克。

Ⅳ. 其它

1. 某些表示状态的及物的动词或动词短语

这些词语可以接宾语,但不用于被动语态:

1)have, own, possess (拥有), hold (容纳), wish (希望), cost (花费), fit (适合)等

2)consist of (由......组成), suffer from (患病,遭受), agree with (与......一致), succeed in (在......成功), happen to (发生在),belong to (属于)等

 This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只适合这把锁。

 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你讲的与我们听到的一致。

 

2. 带同源宾语、反身代词、相互代词的及物动词

1)动词 同源宾语:die a ... death, dream a ... dream, live a ...life

   She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个噩梦。

2)反身代词:myself, yourselves ...

He began to teach himself English at the age of twelve. 他12岁开始自学英语。

3)相互代词:each other, one another

They hate each other. 他们互相厌恶。

3. 宾语是不定式或动词-ing形式时,很少改成被动语态。

R John enjoys listening to rock and roll. 约翰喜欢听摇滚乐。

Q Listening to rock and roll is enjoyed by John.

4. 宾语是主语身体的一部分时

He shook his head when asked about his family. 当问到他的家庭时,他摇了摇头。

对比:My head was shaken by the doctor. 我的头被医生摇了一下。

5. 宾语是地点或场所时(jump/reach除外)

She left Washington for Atlanta the other day. 几天前她离开了华盛顿去了亚特兰大。

被动形式表主动

下面这些短语看似被动语态,实际表示一种状态,没有被动含义:

be determined(决心), be prepared(准备好), be graduated(毕业于), be occupied(忙于), get married(结婚), be seated(就座), be lost(迷路), be drunk(醉酒), be dressed(穿着),be faced with(面临),be surprised (感到吃惊) 等。

I was graduated from Yale University last year. 我是去年从耶鲁大学毕业的。

Linda was occupied with the work of redecorating her house. 琳达忙于重新装修她的房子。

注意:主动形式表示被动意义

1. blame, let(出租), rent

 I was to blame for the accident. 我应该因为这场事故受到责备。

2. 不定式的主动形式表示被动(请参看《被动语态复习1》)

3. 动词-ing形式中的主动表示被动(参考本文“动词-ing形式的被动语态3”)

动词-ing形式的被动语态1

1. 用动词-ing形式的被动式的情况:

当动词-ing的逻辑主语是-ing所表示的动作的承受者时要用动词-ing形式的被动语态。

He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher. 他害怕被老师责骂。

(scold的逻辑主语he是“责骂”的承受者,即“他被责骂”,所以用被动语态)

2. 如何确定-ing形式的逻辑主语:

1) 一般是句子的主语,如动词-ing形式作宾语、状语时。

The thief tried to escape being punished. 小偷试图逃过惩罚。

Having been given such a good chance, how would you not value it at all?

你有这么好的机会,怎么一点儿都不珍惜呢?

2)动词-ing形式作定语时,其逻辑主语可以是所修饰词。

The questions being discussed are very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。

3)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时,逻辑主语一般是句子的宾语。

I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist. 我突然感到被重重地打了一拳。

4)如果-ing形式有自己的逻辑主语,有两种形式:

① 一般在-ing形式前加形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格,如果不在句首,也可以用代词的宾格或名词;

Would you mind my /me using your telescope? 用一下你的望远镜介意吗?

② 在-ing形式前加名词或代词的主格,构成独立主格结构,但是此形式作状语。

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 汤姆做完作业后就睡觉了。

5)有些-ing形式已经变成了固定的短语,从而不需有逻辑主语,如:

  Judging by his accent, he’s from the south. 由他的口音判断,他是南方人。

动词-ing形式的被动语态2

1. 动词-ing形式的被动语态的构成:

一般式:being done

完成式:having been done

1)一般式多表示-ing形式的动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生。

The boy often watches the ships being loaded and unloaded.

这男孩经常观看轮船装货和卸货。

(“being loaded and unloaded”与谓语动词“watches”表示的动作同时发生)

2)完成式表示-ing形式的动作在谓语动作之前完成。

Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

领我们参观过实验室后,又去看了图书馆。

注意:有时虽然动词-ing形式的动作在谓语动作之前已经完成,但是不强调完成时,也可以用一般式的被动形式代替,以免显得累赘。

2. 动词-ing的被动式的作用:

动词-ing形式的被动语态和它的主动语态一样,可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。

1)作主语

Being killed by sharks in the sea is a common thing. 在海中让鲨鱼咬死是常事。

2)作宾语,可以是动词的宾语,也可以是介词的宾语。

I remember having been told the story. 我记得有人告诉过我这个故事。

I didn’t like the idea of being thrown about in a boat on a rough sea.

我不喜欢乘小船在汹涌的大海上颠簸的主意。

注意:在 avoid, admit, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, insist on等后只接动词-ing形式作宾语。

3)作定语

The house being built will be our library upon its completion.

正在建造的房子一完工就作我们的图书馆。

注意:动词-ing形式的完成式一般不作限制性定语,应用定语从句代替。

4)作状语

Being asked to answer the question, she couldn’t refuse.

受邀回答这个问题,她没办法拒绝。

Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t leave. 因为要求我留下,我不能离开。

5)作宾语补足语

You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

你会听到到处都在讨论这个话题。

As we approached the village we saw new houses being built.

走近村子时,我们看到人们正盖新房子。

动词-ing形式的被动语态3:主动表被动

这两个句型都是用主动形式表示被动意思。

1. need/want/require/ deserve doing 需要做某事

The blackboard needs cleaning (=to be cleaned). 黑板需要擦干净。

The broken window wants repairing (=to be repaired). 那个破窗户需要修理。

Several other points deserve mentioning (to be mentioned). 还有几点需要提到。

2. be worth doing 值得做

注意同义句型:be worthy,It is worthwhile...

这个问题值得讨论。

The problem is worth discussing.

The problem is worthy of being discussed/ to be discussed.

It is worthwhile to discuss/ discussing the problem. (注意此句型中discuss的主动形式)

温馨提示:使用动词要考虑什么

1. 谓语还是非谓语

使用一个动词时,首先判断动词作什么成分,判断是谓语还是非谓语动词。

2. 如果是谓语,要考虑其时态、语态、语气,从而判断出正确形式。

3. 如果是非谓语动词,按照“先结构,再语态,后时态”这三步思考。

1)先结构,看是否有特殊或固定结构。如充当宾语或宾语补足语时,非谓语动词的形式由前面的动词决定,要先考虑它与前面动词固定搭配的形式。

2)再语态。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,如果是被动关系,要选用相应的被动形式。

3)后时态。根据语境分辨非谓语动词动作与对应的谓语动词动作发生的顺序,选择正确的时态。

l 非谓语动作在谓语动词之前,用完成式;

l 两动作同时发生,可以用动词-ing形式的一般式或不定式的进行时;

l 非谓语动作在谓语动词之后发生的,可用不定式的一般式。

例如:

He seemed _______ by his father since he looked upset then.

A. to be scolded B. to have been scolded C. being scolded D. scolded

思路:

① seemed是谓语,所以scold是非谓语;

② seem接不定式,即seem to do sth.;

③ scold跟逻辑主语He的关系是被动,即seem to be scolded;

④ scold这个动作肯定是在seem和look之前发生。应用完成式。

所以,答案为B。

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