英语日常常用词疑难用法整理参考(1)
英语日常常用词疑难用法整理参考(2)
英语日常常用词疑难用法整理参考(3)
英语日常常用词
疑难用法整理参考手册(4)
■another
(1) 表示另外再有的一个复数数量,可以在其前面加一个another,此时another没有单数意义。
another 100 people。
(2) 有人主张前后两个数量应该相等方可在说到后一数量时用another,例如:他们反对说Eighteen persons were summoned as witnesses, and another six were interrogated. 十八个人被传唤作证,另有六个人被询问。但是这种反对意见似乎不能成立,因为这个例句中的another如果去掉,可能有歧义,令人以为六个人是十八个人当中的。
(3) another放在单数的可数名词之前,可以表示除了原有的一个或多个之外,再加上又一个。原有的仍然保留,不是换成另外一个。
Could I have another piece of bread? 我可以再吃一片面包吗?
It's generally not a good idea to pick a New Yorker at random, go through his things and slow his rush to the subway. Nobody needs another irritation on a hot, crowded, smelly commute. 通常,随便挑选出一个纽约人,查看他的东西,耽搁他奔向地铁的路程,这不是个好主意。天气这么热,人这么挤,气味这么大,谁上下班都不需要额外增添一件恼火的事。如果名词是不可数的,或者可数但复数(不说明具体数目),就不能用another,而要用more。
Would you like some more meat? 您是不是再来点肉?
Would you like some more peas? 您是不是再来点豆子?不过,在复数可数名词前,如果有few或是数词,仍可以使用another。
I'm staying for another few weeks. 我再多留几个星期。
We need another three chairs. 我们还需要增添三把椅子。
(4) another放在单数的可数名词之前,也可以表示不要原有的一个或多个,换成另外一个。
I think we should paint it another colour. 我觉得咱们应该把它漆成别的一个颜色。在这个意义上,another的定指形式是the other。
I don't like this room. I'd prefer another one. 我不喜欢这个房间。我倒不如要另外一间。如果“另外一间”是定指的,就是I'd prefer the other one.
(5) 有时another可以表示“普普通通”、“同大家没什么分别”的意思(前面往往加上just)。
Where they had seen but an unsuccessful artist, like another... (Somerset Maugham, The Moon and Sixpence, Chapter I) 他们当初看作是个失败的画家,一个同无数落魄艺术家没有什么不同的画家…
Six years ago he'd been just another comedian looking to score a gig, a few bucks, anything going. 六年前,他只是一个普普通通的喜剧演员,到处找活儿干,挣几块钱,干什么都行。
In contrast to the way she had been before her husband's death—handsome, stylish, athletic—she was now just another elderly woman. 她一反丈夫去世之前的那副时髦漂亮、风度优雅、矫健结实的仪表,现在成了一个普普通通的老太婆。
Do you treat your own father as just another sick old man? 你难道把自己亲生父亲也当作普普通通一个病老头那样对待吗?
(6) another后面如果出现名词,这个名词只能是单数的。但是如果复数名词前面有明确的数目,就可以放在another后面。
another fifty miles再有五十英里。如果是a hundred, a thousand, a million,这个a要去掉,也可以用one来代替。
another thousand years或 another one thousand years再过一千年。
■answer, reply与respond
(1) 中文“问”,除了真的提问题要求答案之外,还有“追究责任”的意思(例如“唯你是问”、“问责”)。英文ask则只有“提问”和“请求”的意思,没有“追究责任”的意思;但是,中文“回答”没有“承担责任”的意思,英文answer却有。
They will have to answer for their acts in a court of law. 他们对自己的行为,将要在法庭上承担责任。
I'll answer for him. 我替他负责。
Let him answer for himself. 让他自己为自己负责吧。
His parents have a lot to answer for. 他的父母要负很大的责任。
You are to answer to Brian, to take your orders from him. 你要向布赖恩负责, 接受他的命令。Answer to somebody. 要对某人负责(有过错要受某人惩罚,表示状态,属第一类动词),answer somebody(没有to)则只是“回答某人的提问”(表示行动,属第四类动词)。
He answered me quickly. 他很快就回答了我。
You'll answer to me if your information is not true. 你的信息如果不对,我就要唯你是问。
有趣的是,answer的同义词respond,派生了形容词responsible和名词responsibility,都有“责任”的意思,但是动词respond本身却只有“回答”而没有“负责任”的意思,这个意义,给了词根根本不同的answer(从answer派生的形容词answerable to是“向…负责”)。另外,值得参考的是:无论是拉丁系几种语言、德语、俄语,“责任”的词根全都来自“回答”。大概既然负责,就要对人家的质问作出答复,经过长时间的使用,虽然不是“回答”而是承担后果,字面上还是用“回答”来表示。
(2) answer与reply to(注意要有to才能引入宾语)往往可以互用,但是answer比较偏重答复的内容,reply to则比较偏重答复的行为(参考hear和listen to以及talk和speak的区别)。
answer (*reply) in the affirmative给与肯定的回答
You should reply to this letter at once. 你应该立即回复这封信。
The mother replied for the daughter. 母亲替女儿作了回答。
Ed replied for all the graduates.爱德代表全体毕业生致答辞(如果用answered就是“替全体毕业生负责”)。因此,转义的“回应”(重行动不重内容),常用reply to。
We replied to the enemy's fire. 我们对敌人还了火。
My friend replied with a knowing wink. 我的朋友报以会心的微笑。名词answer和reply也有同样的区别。
She had only one answer (*reply) correct on the test. 她的测验题只有一道做对。
The invention is a good answer (*reply) to housewives' problems. 这个发明,是对家庭主妇们的难题的一个良好答案。另外,reply还意味着“一来一往”的第二个单独的过程,如果两个过程合而为一,就要用answer。
She answered(*replied to) the phone on the first ring. 电话一响她就接了。
A middle-aged woman answered (*replied to) the door. 一个中年妇女应声开门。
I knocked at the door, but nobody answered (*replied). 我敲了门,但是没有谁应声前来。
(3) reply虽然不着重答复的内容,但是后面如果接上that从句,却可以说出答复的内容。
He replied that he did not know it. 他回答说不知道。
She replied that no one would go. 她回答说没有谁会去。
Asked whether their local residential environment gives a feeling of comfort and serenity, 81% of the respondents replied that they lived in a "pleasant environment." 对于当地居住环境是否给人以一种舒适宁静的感觉这个问题,百分之八十一的受访问者回答说他们居住在“愉快的环境”中。
answer后面也可以接上that从句,但这种搭配多见于较古旧的英语。
Williams answered that he had no specific proposals yet. 威廉斯回答说,他还没有具体的建议。
Being asked whether she had ever kissed or embraced St. Catherine or St. Margaret, she answered that she had embraced them both. (The English Review, Sept. -Dec. 1846, p. 252, Jean of Arc) 人家问她曾经吻过或者拥抱过圣凯瑟琳或圣玛格丽特没有,她回答说两个人她都拥抱过。
... and when I asked him if he forgave me, he answered that he was not in the habit of cherishing the remembrance of vexation... (Charlotte Brontё, Jane Eyre, Chapter XXXIV) …我问他是否原谅我时,他说他没有记恨的习惯…
(4) reply to是对人家专门对自己发出的信息做出回答(即单来单往)。如果该信息是普遍向公众发出的(例如征聘公告),自己应聘,就最好不用reply而用answer或respond。
She answered
responded to an advert for a job as a cook. 她看到招聘厨师的广告,就报名应聘。
He responded immediately to an appeal for help. 他听到求救,就立即前往(求救不是单独向他一个人,而是向所有人发出的)。
When she smiled, even strangers responded. 她笑时,连陌生人都作出回应。
reply是比较实际的一对一的“回答”、“答复”;respond则是比较笼统的“回应”(可以表现为各种各样的方式,不一定是正面答复)。例如奥巴马当选美国总统后,伊朗总统阿赫迈迪内贾德很不寻常地发来贺电,奥巴马在记者招待会上被问及这件事:"I will be reviewing the letter from President Ahmadinejad, and we will respond appropriately," he (Obama) said, leaving open the question about whether he will reply. (The Washington Post, Nov. 8, 2008) “我将审视来自阿赫迈迪内贾德总统的信,我们将做出适当的回应,”他说,这就留下是否答复的问题悬着。
(5) answer(也可以加上介词to)还有“符合(描述)”的意思(延续状态,第一类动词)。
Two men answering the description of the suspects tried to enter Switzerland. 两名同嫌疑犯相貌描述相符的男子,试图进入瑞士国境。
The Japanese never built any aircraft remotely answering to this description. 日本人从未制造过任何哪怕是稍微与描述相符合的飞机。
■anxiety
参见anxious末段。
■anxious
有两个几乎是相反的意义:(正面的)渴望,急于;(负面的)担心,生怕。如何辨别,取决于:1) 单词搭配;2) 搭配词的词义;3) 上下文。
(1) 如果anxious单独用作定语或表语,意义就是负面的。
an anxious day焦急的一天
an anxious question令人焦虑的问题
the anxious class(美国)不安的阶级,因为收入提高不了而为日后养老发愁的中产阶级。
It's time to be going home, your mother will be anxious. 该回家了,你母亲会焦急的。
(2) 如果搭配是to be anxious to inf.,to be anxious for somebody to inf. 或to be anxious about -ing,就是正面的“渴望”、“急于”。这个意义,尽管有一些语言学家反对,但实际语言中常常使用。
She's anxious to get abroad. 她渴望到国外去。
My parents are anxious to meet you. 我父母盼着要见你呢。
Anxious to please, he offered to cook dinner. 他急于讨个欢心,就自告奋勇说由他来做饭。
We are anxious for him to return home safely. 我们热切盼望他平安回家。
The movie is so anxious about covering as much of the novel as possible that it never gives the actors any breathing space. (Newsweek, May 29, 2006, p. 53) 影片急于尽可能多涵盖小说的情节,弄得演员们一点喘口气的空隙都没有。
Even without his books, Don Quixote set forth once again, anxious as before not to lose any time, “for he could not but blame himself for what the world was losing by his delay...” (Malcolm Muggeridge, Punch, April 8, 1953) 尽管没有了他的那些书,唐吉诃德仍然再一次出发上路,像从前一样急于分秒必争,“因为他如果耽搁了,全世界就要遭受损失,这个过错他是担当不起的…”
但anxious about后面不是 -ing动名词而是名词时,意义是负面的“担心”。
... will ease the professor's mind on a point that he seemed anxious about.(George Bernard Shaw, Cashel Byron's Profession) …可以让教授对一件他似乎担心的事情放心。
... people are afraid of losing their jobs and their homes and are anxious about a possible recession. (US News & World Report, Jan. 14, 2008, p. 16) …人们害怕失去工作,失去住房,担心可能经济衰退。
anxious lest则当然是负面意义的“担心”。
He was anxious lest they were broken and thus make an evil omen. (Pearl Buck, The Good Earth) 他担心东西破了,兆头不好。
(4) 如果搭配是to be anxious for something,意义可能正面也可能负面。如果这个something是定指的正面利害关系,则与to be anxious about something相同,anxious意义为负面的“担心”。
I was anxious for their safety when I heard the news. 我听到这消息,就替他们的安全担心。
Distraction display very rarely occurs except when a bird is anxious for its nest and eggs or young. (Edward A. Armstrong, Bird Display and Behaviour) 一只鸟除非担心自己的鸟巢和蛋或是小鸟,否则很少出现分神的现象。但如果something是不定指的事物(亦即尚未拥有的事物),则anxious意义为正面的“渴望”。
The boy is anxious for a bike. 那个男孩渴望有一辆自行车。
civil servants anxious for promotion盼望升职的公务员。
His sisters were very anxious for his having an estate of his own...(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter Four) 他的姐妹们倒反替他着急,希望早些购置产业…
... her sister... for whose happiness she grew daily more anxious... (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter Twenty-Three) …她关心姐姐的幸福一天比一天来得迫切…
(5) 如果后面有以that引入的从句,意义可能正面也可能负面。如果从句中谓语动词组的功能词(operator)是may (might), will (would)之类表示可能性的助动词(属陈述语气),或是直接用动词的陈述时态,意义就是负面的。
They were anxious that the enemy might turn south and attack the city. 他们担心敌人会掉头向南进攻这座城市。
Retailers are anxious that consumers may cut back on spending. 零售商担心消费者可能削减支出。
I am getting more and more anxious that gene doping may be misused by athletes and coaches. 我越来越担心基因兴奋剂会被运动员和教练们所滥用。
We are anxious that technology will be turned against us by terrorists. 我们担心科技反而会被恐怖分子用来对付我们。
We're anxious that doing the opposite would be something wrong. 我们担心反过来干会不会错了。
You don't need to feel worried and anxious that pregnancy is playing havoc with your hormones. 你不必忧虑担心怀孕会破坏你的激素。
但如果该助动词是should或动词不定式之类表示愿望的(属虚拟语气),则意义就是正面的。
He was very anxious that we should have lunch one day soon. 他很希望我们大家最近找一天一起吃顿午餐。
We are anxious that there should be no delay. 我们不希望有什么拖延了。
Martin Luther was very anxious that the truths that he now knew be known to his followers. 马丁·路德渴望他的追随者也能懂得他现在懂得了的真理。
但在实际使用时,由于表示虚拟语气的动词不定式同动词的一般现在时同形,难以区分,结果即使个别两者不同形的动词(如to be)也用了一般现在时来表示虚拟语气。
Villagers are anxious that the kidnapper is (应该是be) caught without delay. 村民们巴不得绑架犯马上能给逮住。但这一来,正面意义又同前面所说的动词陈述时态表示所“担心”的事的负面意义似乎形式雷同了。分辨的办法是:表示负面意义时,从句动词本身是延续体的,而表示正面意义时,从句动词本身是瞬时体的。这个例句中的is caught必然是瞬时体,所以可知anxious是正面意义,而前面的例句中is playing havoc则是延续体,所以可知anxious是负面意义。
由anxious派生出来的名词anxiety,却主要是负面的“焦虑”、“担心”的意义。
(作为不可数名词):There is mounting anxiety for the safety of the hostages. 大家对人质的安全越来越担心。
This can lead to unnecessary anxiety over a child's quite normal behaviour. 这种做法,对于一个儿童本来十分正常的行为,会引起不必要的忧虑。作为可数名词,是“令人忧虑的问题”。
It is a great anxiety to me. 这是我十分担心的事。另外,anxiety如果后面带有作为修饰语的to inf,则也有正面的“渴望”、“急迫需要”的意义,但仍然带有一点负面的“唯恐有失”的成分。
In his anxiety to be gone, he forgot his case. 他匆匆忙忙想一走了事,结果忘掉了箱子。
■any
(1) not... any不常放在单数可数名词前,例如说“我没有什么问题了”,尽管心目中“问题”不是多个,但仍然不习惯说*I don't have any question,而应该说I don't have any questions。 至于通常只有一件的事物,any后不好用复数,就宁可不用any,例如不说*She hasn't got any job而要说She hasn't got a job. 关于any后面名词单复数的问题,请参看no条。
(2) 放在不可数名词或复数可数名词之前,暗示说话者心目中考虑到该事物的量而不单单是该事物的质。
Is there any water in the can? 罐子里有水吗?(考虑到一定数量的水,可能有用,也可能占地方需要倒掉,主要不是考虑水不同于其他物质的性质。)
Is there water (*any water) on the moon? 月球上有水吗?(只考虑到水这种氢氧化合物的物质是否存在,不考虑数量多少。)
Do you need any water? 你需要水吗?(一定数量的水,不光是水的性质。)
Do you need water? 你需要水吗?(同果汁、牛奶等相对立。)
(3) 一般语法书指出,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。但是有些疑问句本身带有主观的肯定倾向性,仍然多用some。例如提出邀请:Would you like some (*any) coffee? 您来点咖啡好吗?或是提出要求:Can I have some (*any) soup, please? 能给我一点汤吗?
Can you lend me some (*any) money? 能借点钱给我吗?
另外,有时候表示“如果”并不一定要出现if才可以用any,例如两个人在争论,第三个人劝双方暂停,下星期一再谈:Both of you save any more arguments until Monday. (= If you have any more arguments, save them until Monday.) 有什么争论理由,下星期一再谈吧。这里的any就带有“如果有的话”这个含义。any用于否定句,还有一点要注意的是:any要出现在否定之后,不能出现在否定之前。
He didn't tell anybody。 他没有告诉任何人。但不可以说:*Anybody didn't tell him. 要说:Nobody told him.
(4) any除了用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句,还可以用于肯定句,意思是“随便一个”、“任何一个”。也就是说,其实有两个不同的any,一个是作为否定极性项(negative polarity item, NPI)的any,一个是作为一般定语的any。但是,有时候即使出现在否定句中,any也可能不是个否定极性项。例如报上有一份推销床垫的广告:Free mattress plus $500 if we don't beat any price on a comparable mattress, no matter what brand. (The Sunday Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Dec. 9, 2007, A2) 原意第一步是:We'll beat any price on a comparable mattress, no matter what brand. 凡是相仿的床垫,无论什么品牌,我们的售价都会比它便宜(这里any不是NPI)。第二步是:If we don't, (we'll give you a) free mattress plus $500. 如果我们不比它便宜,我们就会白送您一张床垫另加五百美元。这里不能理解为“假如我们连任何别人的价钱都比不过”(也就是“假如我们在价格竞争中处于最末位”),因为原意是“假如我们在价格竞争中不处于最首位(哪怕是第二位)”。
(5) as any或as anything (anyone等) 原始的意思是“同任何一个一样”,这里的“任何”,指的是“哪怕是最…的”,因而整个意思就是“哪怕同最…的相比也比得过”(不是同随便一个差劲的比),也就是“自己最…”了。
With his stunning, historic victory yesterday, Barack Obama has risen as far, and fast, as any politician can. (The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Nov. 5, 2008, editorial)巴拉克·奥巴马昨天惊人的历史性胜利,使得他比任何一个政治家的崛起都显得更高更迅速。
July 4 is as good as any day to mark independence (George Will, The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, July 4, 2008, A9. headline) 七月四日比任何一天都更加合适纪念独立。
... for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter One) …因为你跟女儿们比起来,她们哪一个都不能胜过你的美貌,你去了,彬格莱先生倒可能挑中你呢。
If you assume that Tolstoy is not really a stylist and that his work can be paraphrased into smooth English, the task may become comparatively easy. But once you pay close attention to his words, they become as difficult to translate as any. (Richard Pevear, translator of Tolstoy's War and Peace, Newsweek, Oct. 15, 2007, p. 82) 如果你设想托尔斯泰并不见得是一个文体大师,设想他的作品可以对付对付译成通顺的英文,那么,任务也许变得比较容易一些。但是你一旦进一步注意他的遣词用句,这些词句就变得比什么都更难翻译了。
She (= Cleopatra) exercised power as firmly as any man, but used her femininity to reinforce her popularity. (Newsweek, Oct. 15, 2007, p. 47) 她(埃及女王克娄巴特拉)比哪个男人都更加牢固地执掌政权,但又利用自己的女性身份来加强众望。
You need to look at reliability and safety as much as anything when buying a car. 你买车的时候,最需要注意的是可靠性和安全。
It was war, as much as anything else, that made an artist out of Westermann. 韦斯特曼之所以成为艺术家,最主要的原因是战争。
Only seventy years ago, Great Britain ruled over more than one quarter of the land surface of the planet. It policed, as far as anyone did, the oceans and seas, and it was the most important force in world finance, trade, and economy. (The New York Review of Books, March 29, 2007) /仅仅七十年前,英国统治着地球陆地表面的四分之一以上。它比谁都控制着更为辽阔的海洋(不是“同谁都一样控制着辽阔的海洋”),它又是世界金融、贸易和经济中最为重要的力量。
But in 1275, when Marco Polo first approached the Dragon Throne at Xanadu, the wannabe author was only twenty-one years old. He had traveled as far as anybody traveled back then; from west to east, across most of the then known world. 马可·波罗这位壮志凌云的作者,1275年才二十一岁时就第一次在上都接近了龙椅宝座。他长途旅行所至之遥远,为当时任何人所不及(不是“同当时任何人的旅行一样远”),从西到东,穿越了当时人所不知的世界的大部分。
He was reputed to be as close to the president as anyone in the cabinet. 大家认为他比内阁中任何人都更为接近总统(不是“同内阁中随便哪一个人都一样接近总统”)。
It was as easy as anything. 那比什么都容易。
... running as fast as anything down the road …沿着路飞快地跑。
(6) 与此相类似,like anything也有“比什么都更加…”(而不是“如同随便任何…一样”)的意思。
Tom only left last week and I already miss him like anything. 汤姆上星期才走,但是我已经想念他想得不得了。
■any more与anymore
(1) 关于在否定句、疑问句和非肯定语气从句中的anymore,有三种意见。一种认为英语词汇中根本没有这个单词。第二种认为anymore与any more意思用法都一样,只是写法不同,都可以用。第三种则认为anymore是个副词,而any more则是专门放在名词前面的定语。从实际情况看来,三种意见都各有部分根据。就第三种意见来说。
I don't buy books anymore because I don't need any more books. 我再也不买书了,因为我不需要更多的书。前面的anymore作为副词,后面的any more作为前置定语,似乎可以从书面上区别清楚,但是这样的区别,实际用处不大。在美国,any more既可以用作名词的前置定语,也可以用作副词,anymore则出现较少(所以第一种意见也有其事实根据)。但是美国英语中anymore有特别的用法,表示与过去相比的“现在”。
Anymore I do that. 现在我那样干了。这样,anymore连写成了一个单词才有其实际需要。不过,无论在肯定句或是否定句中,anymore的写法似乎只限于美国英语(而且也不是所有美国人都这样用)。美国的英语词典中收进anymore的比较多些。英国词典则很少(如1993年版的NSOED)收进这个单词。
(2) any more作为副词,在否定句(或疑问句或非肯定语气的从句)中,本来意义是程度比较的“不更多”,但是实际上的使用,大多是转义的前后比较的“再也不”。需要注意辨别意义上的差别。如何辨别,要看前面是否有一个本来可能使得程度增高的意义成分,此时not... any more就表示:虽然有了这个本来可以使程度增高的因素,但是它还是起不了作用。
The knowledge of it did not make him like it any more. 他虽然知情,但对此仍然增加不了好感。
(3) not... any more(“再也不”)还有no more,not... more(即略去any)的变异形式(但语气略为减弱)。关于no more,见no more条。no more通常放在句末,例如一种去体毛的广告:Shave no more, with Ultra Hair Away。使用超级去毛剂,再也不用剃毛。no more也可以作为定语,放在名词前面,尤其是用于一些醒目标题。
No more Hiroshima. 不让广岛重演。也可以放在名词后面。
Hunger no more. 消除饥饿。也可以放在句子当中。
She (= Hillary Clinton) was no more inviting when a television reporter approached her after a rally on Thursday and asked if she was "moved" by Benazir Bhutto's assassination. Clinton turned away without answering. (The Los Angeles Times, Dec. 28, 2007) 一名电视采访记者在星期四的一次集会散会后向她走去,问她(希拉里·克林顿)对贝纳齐尔·布托的遇刺身亡是否“震惊”,此时她就不像从前那样殷勤好客了。她答也不答就转身走开。
■any more than
(1) 这个词组可以用来连结两个句子,两句都是表示否定,但第一句用否定形式表示否定,第二句则用肯定形式表示否定(这一点很重要);两句之间的any more than用来表示:前一句的否定,同后一句的否定同等强烈(顺着原文的思路,可以这样理解:X并不比Y更多地如何如何,而Y不如何如何,已经是人所共知,不言而喻的)。
The mind does not create what it perceives, any more than the eye creates (*doesn't create) the rose. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) 心智创造不出它所感受的事物,正如眼睛创造不出玫瑰花。
Of course, there is no way to return to the original Jesus, any more than there is a way (*no way) to go back to the original church, however much Christians have tried to do both. (US News & World Report, Dec. 22, 2003, p. 48) 当然,要回到原原本本的耶稣那里是办不到的,就正如无法回到原原本本的教会那里一样办不到,哪怕基督徒们如何千方百计要做到这两点。
Tony Blair isn't Great Britain any more than Bush is (*isn't) the US.布莱尔不等于英国,正如布什不等于美国。
The motion picture and recording industries are not legitimate stakeholders in the discussion of what features should or should not exist in my personal computer or VCR, any more than they are (*aren't) a legitimate stakeholder in the production of my corrective eye-glasses. 制片行业和音像行业,在有关我的个人电脑或录像机里面该有或不该有哪些性能的争论中,并不是正当的利益攸关者,就正如它们在我的矫正眼镜的制作过程中并不是正当的利益攸关者一样。
You cannot learn to sketch and express yourself graphically only by reading about it any more than you can (*cannot) learn to swim while standing by the pool. 单靠看书,是学不会速写和用图像表达自己的,就正如一直站在游泳池边是学不会游泳的。如果后一句当中有些成分同前一句重复,可以采用简略法或指代法避免重复。
Drug company payments to FDA haven't sped approvals any more than federal funding increases did (*did not).各制药公司付给食品医药管理局的钱,就如同联邦增拨的经费一样,对于加快批准速度毫无作用。
I don't like it any more than you do (*don't). 我同你一样不喜欢它。
Technical resources, however, are not sufficient for a physics instructor, any more than they would be (*would not be) for a doctor. 但是,一个物理学教师,就如同一个医生一样,光有技术设备,是不够的。
(2) any more than有一个变体,就是no more... than,此时,any more变成no more,向前移动到前一句原来有否定词之处,取代这个原来的否定词,后一句则仍然是以肯定形式表示否定。结构有些不同,但是意思同any more than是一样的。
A learner can no more obtain knowledge without reading than a farmer can get good harvest without ploughing. = A learner cannot obtain knowledge without reading any more than a farmer can get good harvest without ploughing. 学习者不读书就不能得到知识,正如耕作者不耕地就得不到好收成。
Stephen is no more a musician than Patty is a dancer. = Stephen isn't a musician any more than Patty is a dancer. 史提芬不是个音乐家,就正如帕蒂之不是个舞蹈家。
They could no more decline participation in this mission than they could deny their manhood. = They could not decline participation in this mission any more than they could deny their manhood. 他们无法拒绝参加这项任务,正如他们无法否认自己是堂堂男子汉。
(3) any more than还有另外一个变样,是将前后两句的次序颠倒过来,后一句移到前面,any more than移到句首改为no more than,原先的前一句移到后面,取消否定并采取倒装词序。
No more than a soldier wants to admit being frightened, did Marianne want to admit being cold, frigid. (Anas Nin) = Marianne didn't want to admit being cold, frigid, any more than a soldier wants to admit being frightened. 如同一个士兵不愿承认自己胆怯一样,玛丽安也不愿承认自己冷感(注意:no more than是管前一句全句的,不是管a soldier的,不能理解为“只不过一个士兵”)。
■anybody
参见everybody条。
■anyone与any one
anyone专指人,意思是泛泛的“任何人”,不必同任何组集发生关系,any重读;any one则指某一个多人或多事物组成的组集中的“任何”一个个体,one重读。
Anyone who is interested may attend. 凡有意者均可参加。
Any one of those neckties will do. 那些领带哪一条都行。
■anyone have...?
例如在集合中对人群讲话,可说:Anyone have any ideas? 还有谁有什么意见吗?这里不能用单数的has,因为这个句子其实是Does anyone have any ideas?的简略说法。又,侦探检查枪击现场时会问:Any body hear (*heard) a gunshot?有谁听到枪声吗? 这也是 Did anybody hear a gunshot?的简略说法。参见everybody条。
■anything
(1) 英语的any及其复合词如anything之类,常常同否定词或疑问词连用,这是凡学英语的人都很熟悉的。但英语中不是否定句也不是疑问句的一般陈述句,如果有表示疑问词义的单词,也往往同anything之类的代词连用,带有一定的否定色彩。
Even those skeptical about olive oil's potential as anything other than an ingredient seem willing to cede some ground to what one of Mort Rosenblum's friends likened to the "very blood of the warm rich Earth". 甚至有些人,尽管对橄榄油的潜在作用持怀疑态度,怀疑它除了作配料之外没什么用处,但也有点松动,认为莫尔特·罗森勃鲁姆的朋友们的那个把橄榄油比喻为“富饶温暖的地球的血液”的说法也不无道理。
(2) 疑问句和if条件从句通常不用something而用anything。但是,如果条件从句是否定的,而这个否定又同事实(肯定的)相反,就要用something(虽然if和否定合在一起似乎对anything的使用提出了双重的要求)。例如美国民主党一向反对在本土沿海开采石油,但是最近由于油价飞涨,只好有条件地同意在国会审议一个方案,条件是:在同意开采的州,要在离海岸五十英里之外开采;在不同意开采的州,要在离海岸一百英里之外开采(一向主张开采者则主张可以在离海岸三英里处开采)。民主党的众议院议长Nancy Pelosi在2008年9月谈到民主党的让步条件时说:…if we don't have something in the bill, it's drilling three miles offshore. …如果我们不在法案中加进一点自己的东西,那就会在离岸三英里处钻探了。
■anything but
(1) 在实际语言中,anything but相当于否定副词not,后面可以接上形容词或名词成分,表示强烈的否定。例如美国总统大选中反对布什的人提出口号Anything but Bush(直译是“只要没有布什就什么都行”)。
Though the tail assembly of the aircraft was anything but intact, you could tell what it had once been.飞机的尾部尽管已经毁坏,但是原先的形状仍旧依稀可辨。
Langdon was feeling anything but fortunate. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code, p. 15) 朗顿觉得自己真倒霉。又例如在餐馆的厕所可以看到告示:If the restroom is anything but clean, please... 如果厕所有不够洁净之处,烦请…这个anything but甚至可以代替not出现在谓语动词组当中。
The confidence of the business community and the consumer has been anything but buoyed by the performance of the Bush team's economic leadership. (US News & World Report, Nov. 25, 2002, p. 84) 企业界和消费者的信心,根本没有从布什班子的经济领导业绩那里得到什么鼓励。有时候anything but后面没有别的词语,意思也是“(前面情况的)反面”。
What began as a convenience is now anything but. 本来开头是一种方便,现在却成了麻烦。
(2) anything else也可以表示否定。见else条。
(3) anything you say是“好的,照你说的办”的意思。
—Will you please take this over to the cleaners?—Sure, anything you say. —请你把这个送到洗衣店去好吗?—好的,你怎么说就怎么办。
■anytime与any time
anytime是副词或主从连词。any time则是名词短语。
(1) anytime作为副词的。
You can borrow my car anytime. 你随时都可以借我的车子用。
(2) anytime作为主从连词的。
You can call on me anytime you are free. 你随时有空都可以到我这里来。
Anytime I was late, the teacher got mad. 每当我迟到,老师都气坏了。
We have a memory bank, a full-scale computer within us, and we can draw on its record of past experiences anytime we need to do so. 我们有一个记忆库,是一个规模完整的电脑,我们随时有需要,都可以从中提取有关过去经历的纪录。
(3) any time作为名词短语的。
Any time spent being unhappy is wasted. 任何在不快乐中度过的时间,都是白费了的。
■anyway与any way
any way或in any way是个主从连词短语,在肯定句中引入方式状语从句,后面没有东西就不通。anyway则是个副词,后面不引入任何成分。这与any time(名词)及anytime(副词或连词)情况不同。
(1) any way在肯定句中充当主从连词短语的。
Any way you look at it, Angel City is heaven on earth for biker crowd. 不管你怎样看,天使城对骑自行车的人群来说都是人间天堂。
You're allowed to use software any way you see fit. 你可以随意使用软件。
Arrange you stuff any way you want. 材料你爱怎样安排就怎样安排。
Help in any way you can. 你能用什么方式就用什么方式来帮忙。美国有一句常用的成语any way you slice it,原意大概是切肉或切面包怎样切都无所谓,亦即“无论怎么说”(这里的you只是泛指,不是“你”)。
He shouldn't have hit her, any way you slice it. 无论怎么说,他本来不该打她。
Any way you slice it, there are going to be some very unhappy people when the prizes are announced. 无论怎么说,获奖名单一揭晓,总会有人很不高兴。
(2) 但是,需要注意的是:any way之所以不是副词短语而是主从连词短语,是因为它本身意义不完全,需要后面有更多的话来把意思说完整。如果把any改为some或别的能把意义说完整的形容词,它就会从主从连词短语变为副词短语。
All right, we'll do it the usual way. 好吧,咱们就照平常的办法办。
Please try to see it my way. 请替我设身处地想一想。
He must have got to know it some way. 他一定是用什么办法打听了出来。
Every author in some way portrays himself in his works, even if it be against his will. 每个作者总是会这样或那样地在作品中刻画出自己的形象,哪怕这是违反他本人意愿的。另外,in any way(很少是any way)前面如果有否定或疑问,则in any way就可以不是主从连词短语而是副词短语(相当于肯定句中的some),在否定句中表示“根本(不)”,在疑问句或if从句中表示“以某种方式”。
Umbilical and embryonic stem cells are not in any way interchangeable. 脐带与胚胎干细胞是根本不能互相代替的。
You may not copy, reproduce, upload, post, distribute, republish, retransmit, or modify in any way any of the material on this site. 您不可以以任何方式抄录、复制、上传、张贴、散发、再发表、转递或是修改本网站上的任何材料。
Do molds help human beings in any way? 霉菌对人类有什么帮助吗?
If you feel affected in any way by the noise, we can help. 您如果感到受了噪音的任何影响,我们可以帮助您。遇到这几种情况,any way都不是主从连词短语。但即使如此,它同副词anyway的意义仍然有区别。anyway(副词)是“不管怎样”、“无论如何”、“反正”、“起码”,而且主要用于肯定句。
We can sell the car which we hardly use anyway. 车子咱们反正不怎样用,不妨卖掉。
Anyway, I have to go. 不管怎样,我得去。
That's what we all think, well, most of us anyway. 这是我们全体,嗯,起码是我们大多数人的想法。
■apart from
中文“除了…之外”,可以有两个意思,一个是“以…为例外”(“把…除外不算在内”),一个是“有了…,还加上(别的)”。英文的apart from也同样有这两个大不相同的意义,前面一个意思。
Apart from her, we were all in agreement. 除了她一个人不同意,我们大家都一致同意。
This movie house has a reduced price, apart from Saturday and Sunday. 这家电影院有减价票,但是星期六和星期天不减。
Apart from the cost, the plan was a good one. 成本高了一点,但计划还是不错的。后面一个意思。
Quite apart from the time it would take, I can't afford it. 不但时间要拖得很长,而且我也负担不起。
Who else went there apart from you? 除了你,去那里的还有谁?
There are other problems with that car apart from its cost. 这辆车不但价钱高,而且还有其他一些问题。
apart from前面如果有否定词nothing,可能有两个不同的意义。一个是“除此没有别的”、“唯一只有”。
She has nothing apart from her good looks to get by in life. 她只能靠自己的美貌过日子。另一个是“离开了…就什么也不是”(apart from仍然保持“离开”的意义)。
... good is nothing apart from truth, nor truth anything apart from good. (Emanuel Swedenborg and Isaiah Tansley, The Divine Providence, p. 14) …善离开了真,就什么也不是,同样,真离开了善,也就什么也不是。
Jesus taught us that we can do nothing apart from him. 耶稣教导我们,离开了他,我们就一事无成。
但是nobody apart from则只有“除了…之外无他人”一个意义。
Nobody apart from my mother has ever said that to me. 除了我母亲,谁也没有这样对我说过。
besides(作为介词)则只有“不但…而且还有”的意义,没有“除去…不算在内”的意义。见beside与besides条。
■apology
apology也和sympathy一样,常常以复数形式出现。但是,apology又和sympathy不同,没有内心感情这一层意义,只是一种对外的社交表示,因此比sympathy更多以复数形式出现。
Please accept my apologies. 请接受我的歉意。
We offered them our apologies. 我们向他们表示了歉意。
Jim sends his apologies, but he cannot come. 吉姆表示歉意,他不能来。但是,如果强调在一件特定事情上有抱歉,可以说an apology。
I owe you an apology. 有一件事我要向你道歉。“道歉信”是a letter of apology。另外,表示“不后悔”、“不顾虑”,也可以用单数的no apology。
I make no apology for bringing up the subject. 我毫不顾虑,要提起这件事情。
I make no apology for my remark.我对自己说出的意见毫不后悔。还有,an apology for a是“一个不三不四的什么”。
an apology for a team一个七拼八凑的球队
an apology for a marriage一门将就凑合的亲事。
■apparent
这个形容词,本来的意思是“看起来像是”,暗中包含的意思就是“其实不一定如此”。但是在实际使用中,它又获得了“显然(是真的)”这个含义。结果是两个几乎相反的含义都同时被人们使用着。
It is apparent that Walt is going. 既可以表示“瓦尔特显然要走了”,也可以表示“表面看来瓦尔特要走”。为了避免歧义,表示“显然”时,最好改用evident,表示“表面看来”时,最好改用it seems。
■appeal
(1) 作为动词表示法律诉讼中的“不服上诉”,通常说appeal against,这同中国人的语言习惯是一致的。
appeal against the sentence对判决不服上诉
appeal to the Supreme Court向最高法院上诉。但美国英语的appeal可以是个及物动词,以原审判决(或案件)为其直接宾语,甚至可以有被动语态。
We intend to appeal the verdict. 我们打算对判决不服上诉。
The plaintiff appealed his case to the Vermont Supreme Court. 原告人把案件上诉到维蒙特州最高法院。
The case is being appealed. 案子正在上诉中。
(2) 另外,appeal to还有不属于法律范围的“诉诸”的意思。
You must appeal to public opinion to win the election. 竞选要获胜,就要诉诸舆论。
(3) appeal作为“不服上诉”的名词时,“提出上诉”的“提出”可以是lodge, enter或file,原审判决可以用against或of引入,也就是:to lodge
enter
file an appeal against
of a sentence
decision
verdict。
■appear
(1) 作为瞬时动态动词(即第四类动词),是“出现”(即从原先看不见变为看得见),通常不能有一般现在时。
She suddenly appeared in the doorway. 她忽然出现在门道上。
She has appeared in five Broadway musicals since 2000. 她自2000年以来在百老汇的五次歌舞会上登过台。
Cracks have suddenly appeared in the walls in our lounge. 我们休息室的墙壁忽然出现了裂缝。
Digital radios for less than $50 began to appear in the shops before the end of last year. 去年年底商店里开始出现了价格在五十美元以下的数码收音机。
(2) 作为表示状态的延续动词(即第一类动词)是“显得似乎”、“看来像是”,可以有一般现在时,后面的inf. 动词应该是延续状态或延续过程,如果是瞬时动作,就要用to have pp。
The baby appears to be hungry. 婴儿的样子像是饿了。
They do not appear to be at home. No one's answering. 他们不像在家。没人答应。
They appear to have run away from home. They cannot be traced. 他们像是离家出走了。无法追踪他们。但是appear也可以作为瞬时动态动词(即第四类动词)作“显出某个样子”解。
He appeared happy when the company promoted him. 公司给他升职的时候他显得很高兴。
(3) 也可以不以事情的主体作appear的主语,而以事情本身作appear的主语,但这个主语采取放在后面的that从句形式而由it在前面充当形式主语(这里的appear当然还是个第一类动词,可以有一般现在时)。
It appears that you may be quite innocent of any crime. 看来你可能完全清白无罪。
(4) appear to inf. (appear adj.) 与seem to inf. (seem adj.) 都可以作为第一类动词,指事物给人的客观印象以及人的客观估计,但是两者有区别:
(a)如果涉及说话者的情感评价成分,就不能用appear而只能用seem。
They have the same surname, but they don't appear
seem to be related. 他们同姓,但是看来没有亲属关系(无情感评价,所以appear与seem均可)。
She's not getting any better. It seems
appears that she's not been taking the medication. 她的病情没有见好。看来药她没有在服用(无情感评价,所以appear与seem均可)。
It seems (*appears) ridiculous that he has to stay here to look after the cat. 他为了照料猫,非得留在这里,这看来简直是荒谬(有情感评价,所以只能用seem而不能用appear)。
It doesn't seem (*appear) like a good idea to leave him here by himself. 把他一个人留在这里,似乎不是个好办法(同上)。从另一个角度来说,appear表示的是客观给人的印象,而seem则是说话者自己感到的印象。
He seems tired. (是我觉得)他似乎很疲倦。
He appears to be tired. (则是)他客观上给人以疲倦的印象(我却不一定觉得他疲倦)。
(b)appear作“显出…样子”解,本身可以是表示延续状态的第一类动词,也可以是表示瞬时事件的第四类动词(作“出现”解当然更是第四类动词)。作为第一类动词,appear如果在时态上采用一般现在时或一般过去时,它由于本身是延续的,它后面的to inf. 也必须代表一个延续的状态或延续过程,所以要求一个第一类(延续状态)动词;如果是第二类(延续动作)动词或第三类动词(延续动作但完成),就要采取进行时to be -ing,以表示状态或动作在延续中;如果是第四类动词(瞬时动作),则应把to inf. 改为to have pp,也就是取该完成动作或事件所造成并留下来的延续状态。例如不能说:*He appears to come. 因为come是第四类动词,表示瞬时动作,同表示延续状态的appear冲突。但可以说:He appears to have come. 因为to have come间接代表了一个延续状态(= He is here.)。也不能说:*He appears to walk. 但可以说He appears to be walking. 经过动词不定式的变化,就同appear不冲突了。这一个特点,appear和seem作为第一类动词,两者都是一样的。但是,appear可以是第一类或第四类动词;seem却只能是第一类,采取一般过去时,加上to inf.,通常也只能表示过去的延续状态,用来表示过去的瞬时事件就不自然。例如用appear可以说:He appeared to accept my proposal. 他似乎接受了我的建议(accept是瞬时动作,第四类动词)。说He seemed to accept my proposal. 虽然不能算错,但有点勉强。总而言之,appear或seam作为前一个动词,后面的不定式作为后一个动词,两个动词所代表的,是延续状态还是瞬时事件,必须前后一致。
(5) appear to inf. 与seem to inf. 如果要否定,可以否定appear或seem,也可以否定后面的动词不定式。无论否定前者或是否定后者,如果appear或seem用一般现在时,后面的动词就必须是个延续体动词(即第一和第二类动词),如果是个表示瞬时动作的第四类动词(除非是经常反复的),就必须是完成式 (to have pp)。
Why do some pages seem not to be indexed? 为什么有些页没有编入目录?
People seem not to see that their opinion of the world is also a confession of their character. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) 人们似乎看不到,他们对世界发表什么看法,同时也就是承认了他们自己是怎么样的性格。
Two feared German bird flu cases seem not to be bird flu cases. 德国两个恐怕可能是禽流感的病例,似乎并非禽流感。
Capitalization and space don't seem to matter. 大写和留空格,看来似乎不要紧。
Civil liberties don't appear to mean much to Republicans. 公民自由对于共和党人来说似乎没有多大意义。
Plant estrogens in soy don't appear to increase breast or uterine cancer risk. 大豆中的植物雌激素似乎并不增加乳腺癌或子宫癌的风险。
Prostate cancer patients appear not to experience genetic damage from soy isoflavones. 患前列腺癌的病人似乎并不因为大豆异黄酮而基因受损伤。
Stem cells appear not to turn into heart cells. 干细胞似乎并不会变成心脏细胞。
Clinical trials appear not to drive up cost of cancer treatment. 临床试用似乎并不抬高癌症治疗费用。
The US appears to have fought war for oil and lost it. 美国似乎为石油打仗却又打输了。 9
11 appears to have changed everything. “9·11”似乎改变了一切。如果appear用一般过去时,则后面的动词不定式既可以表示延续状态,但也可以表示瞬时动作(可以to inf. 或to have inf.),如果以to inf. 表示瞬时动作,appeared就不是表示过去似乎存在某个延续状态,而是表示过去似乎发生了某事。
He appeared not to know what to do. 他似乎不知道该怎样办(过去延续状态)。
There didn't appear to be a time limit. 不像有什么时间限制(过去延续状态)。
But he didn't appear to react at all. 他似乎根本没有做出反应(过去瞬时动作)。
The hijacked plane didn't appear to crash into the building; most of the energy was dissipated in hitting the ground. 被劫持的客机似乎没有撞到建筑物上;大部分的能量在碰上地面时消耗掉了(过去瞬时动作)。Anna appeared not to notice Vronsky's worried and inquiring expression. 安娜似乎并没有注意到弗隆斯基那种忧心忡忡、意欲探询的表情(过去瞬时动作)。
■apply
这个动词的几个释义当中,有一个是“运用”、“应用”,而且是可以作为及物或不及物动词。
This law should not have been applied to such a case. 这部法律本来不应该用于这样的一个案子。
This rule does not apply to members of the club. 这条规则不适用于俱乐部成员。这里及物和不及物的区别在于:作为及物动词,所指的是某一具体的“将X运用于Y”的行动,是个瞬间动词,即第四类动词;而作为不及物动词,所指的则是“X具有可适用于Y的性质”,表示状态,是个表示状态的延续体动词,即第一类动词。因此,除非指的是习惯或反复的行动,apply作为“运用”释义的及物动词,不能以一般现在时形式出现;但作为“适用”释义的不及物动词,则可以。
■appraise与apprise
appraise是“估价”、“评价”,apprise则是“告知”。
We'll appraise your jewelry and apprise you of the results sometime tomorrow. 我们要把您的珠宝估一下价,明天找个时候通知您。
■appreciate
(1) 在日常会话当中常常用来表示感谢(是个第一类动词),但是要注意它同thank的搭配不同。thank的直接宾语是人,不能是对方给自己的好处;appreciate则相反,直接宾语必须是对方所作的好事,不能是对方这个人。例如不能说:*I'd appreciate you if you'd do me a favor, 而要说I'd appreciate it if you'd do me a favor. 如果您能帮我一下忙,我就十分感谢。Thank you. 天天多次使用,用滥了,往往不一定真的认为对方给自己做的事有多大价值,而说I appreciate it. 则至少在口头上表示对价值的承认。
(2) appreciate还有许多词典没有收进的一个转义,可以表示带有赞成倾向的“理解”、“明白”、“体会”(是个第一类兼第四类动词)。
I appreciate your request, but our store is now closed. 对您的要求我理解,但是我们店已经关了门。
The witness didn't appreciate the question, and looked at the lawyer for help.证人没有听懂人家的问题,就把目光投向律师求助。
Once you know this, you can appreciate what Bush means when he calls himself the "decider." (Richard Cohen, The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Dec. 9, 2007, p. A9) 这一点你懂了,你就能够明白布什自称为“决策者”是什么意思。
要注意的是:appreciate不是单指“理解”、“体会”的努力过程,而且包括了“理解到”、“体会到”这个结果。而且,其对象(宾语)可以是正面的,也可以是负面的。
We needn't give credence to the idea of a vast "Shiite crescent" stretching from Iran to Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to appreciate the challenge posed by the Iranian theocrats to the American project in Iraq and to the order of the Greater Middle East. (US News & World Report, April 21, 2008, p. 30) 对于那个建立一个从伊朗到伊拉克、叙利亚和黎巴嫩的“什叶派新月形地区”的想法,我们不必非信以为真不可,但是我们照样可以体会到,那些伊朗神权统治者,对美国在伊拉克的方案以及大中东的秩序,提出了多么大的挑战。
(3) appreciate还可以作为不及物动词,表示“增值”。
Because of the rise in the stock market, many individuals have securities that have appreciated considerably. 由于股市上涨,许多人的证券大大升值了。在这个意义上,appreciate可以用现在或过去进行时态(1. 和2. 的意义则不能用进行时态)。
Homes were appreciating as much as 40% per year in some areas. 有些地区的居民房正在每年增值百分之四十之多。
■apprise与appraise
apprise与appraise见appraise条。
■approve与approve of
两者大体上都是“赞同”、“同意”的意思,但是细看起来有区别。approve是个瞬时体(第四类)动词,表示来往手续公事公办上的“予以同意”,不牵涉到好坏的价值判断。例如,一个会计师可以说:I cannot approve the reimbursement because you haven't given me the receipts for your expenditure. 我不能同意报销,因为你没有交来开支的单据。一个招生负责人可以说:I cannot approve your application to study law because you do not have the relevant qualifications. 我不能同意你学法律的申请,因为你不具备相应的资格。而approve of则是个表示价值判断的延续状态动词(第一类动词),表示对某事或某人有好感,予以支持或善待。
Her family approves of him. 她家人认可了他。
I don't approve of smoking in restaurants because it is so upsetting usually for non-smokers. 我不赞成在饭馆可以吸烟,因为这通常使得不吸烟的人很不舒服。
Why don't you approve of my friends? They are all good upright people. /你为什么看不惯我的这些朋友?他们全都是正派的好人呀。反义词disapprove与disapprove of,用法也与approve和approve of相对应。
■archive
单数复数都可以。
He has had access to the whole of Lady Astor's archive, including her draft of an autobiography. (British Book News, December 1972) 他可以查阅阿斯托尔夫人的全部档案,包括她准备写自传的草稿。
The archives in the European capitals were searched. (Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England, 1815—1865) 欧洲各个首都的档案都翻查过了。
复数的archives还可以用来表示“档案馆”这个机构。如果是单数的一所档案馆,虽然archives用复数,但是整个名称还是当作单数处理。
From 1954 the National Archives has carried out training programmes for its serving archivists. (Library Science Abstracts, London, 1956) 自1954年起,国家档案馆进行了一些对自己的在职档案人员加以训练的项目。
An act to establish a National Archives of the United States Government... (US Code, 1948) 设立美国政府国家档案馆的做法…既然是机构,就甚至可以理解为所在的一处地点,因此前面也可以用介词at表示“在…”。
... documents at the archives on the outskirts of London... (The Associated Press, May 6, 2008) …位于伦敦郊外的档案馆中的文件…
archive如果用于比喻,要看所指的是具体的人或事物,还是抽象的概念。具体时多用单数,抽象时多用复数。
... memorizing practically every line, thus making herself a living archive (*living archives)... (Hedrick Smith, Saturday Review, Jan. 24, 1976) …几乎每一行都背诵如流,使得她自己成了一个活档案…
But we must have more than an intellectual desire, filed away in the archives (*the archive) of idea. (Charles A. Lindbergh, Saturday Review, Feb. 27, 1954) 但是,我们如果只有求知的愿望,放到理念的档案里束之高阁,那是不行的。
■arise, rise与arouse
(1) arise是不及物动词(过去时arose,过去分词arisen),表示“出现”、“开始”“引起注意”,主语常常是抽象事物。
A discussion arose about the best way to pay. 有关最好采取哪种支付方式,发生了争论。
Some difficulties have arisen.出现了一些困难。
The disagreement arose from a misunderstanding. 分歧是从一个误解产生的。
(2) 同arise的过去时arose有点相似(但拼写和读音都不同)的arouse,则是及物动词(规则动词),意思是“唤醒”、“唤起”、“引起”、“激发”。
His appeal aroused no response from the public. 他的号召没有引起公众的响应。
The rejection of the measure aroused the people to indignation. 该措施被否决,激起了人民的公愤。
(3) rise是不及物动词(过去时rose,过去分词risen),没有“出现”的意思,而是表示从低往高的“上升”。
Prices keep rising. 物价一直在涨。
What time does the sun rise? 太阳几点钟升起?
Leave the dough to rise. 让面团自己发起来。
A feeling of rage rose within him. 他心中怒气往上冒。
,