最常用的参考文献：书籍、期刊、报纸、教案
The most commonly-used references in research: books, periodicals, newspapers and teaching materials
用最常见的研究材料介绍参考文献著录中如何处理作者、题名、出版时间、地点、出版商的各种特殊情况。
How to handle various special cases in referencing related to author, title, publishing time and place, and publisher, shown in the most frequently-seen research materials.
需要明确的书籍文献信息的重要细节，包括作者人数、版本、写作方式。作者人数分为单人和多人。书籍的不同版本是不同时间印刷的，经常经过修订增删，所以，文本不完全一致。写作方式除了作者自己撰写的原创方式之外，还有编辑、翻译。
Important details that need to be specified in the referencing information of books include the number of authors, edition and way of writing. There can be a single author or multiple authors. Different editions of a book are printed at different times, often revised or changed, so their texts are not the same. The ways of writing include editing and translation in addition to the writing of an original work of an author.
哈佛文献标注体系中，把传统方式出版的书籍相关的条目类型分为单一作者、多名作者、同一作者的多本著作、编辑成的书籍、编辑成书籍的章节、翻译成的、不同版本说明下的、再版的书籍。
In the Harvard referencing system, books published in the traditional way can be listed in reference entries in the following types: book written by a single author, book written by several authors, books of the same author or authors, book edited by an author or authors, chapter in an edited book, translated book, books with different imprints or edition notes, and book reprinted.
以下是这几种类型的参考文献列表条目基本格式，需要特别注意的是标点符号和排版的样式，比如斜体和加粗：
The following are the basic formats of the entries in a reference list for the several types of books. Special attention should be paid to punctuation and layout styles, such as italic and bold fonts.
虚构一个语言学学术团队用于举例。中国团队包括张铁贞、李俞乾、王简忉、赵封澈、刘宫健。外国团队包括Aaron Smith, Brian Fisher, Charles Taylor, Douglas Miller, Elton Hunter. 杂志名称中文为《银河系语言学指南》，英文名为The Linguistic Guide to the Galaxy. 出版社中文名称为“银河系语言学出版社”，英文名称为“Galactic Linguistics Press”. 报纸名称为《林格顿银河先驱报》，英文名称为Lingaton Galactic Herald。所在城市为Lingaton，中文译名林格顿。
An academic research team is made up for giving examples. Chinese scholars include Zhang Tiezhen, Li Yugan, Wang Jiandao, Zhao Fengche and Liu Gongjian. Foreign researchers include Aaron Smith, Brian Fisher, Charles Taylor, Douglas Miller and Elton Hunter. They publish a magazine called Yin He Xi Yu Yan Xue Zhi Nan (银河系语言学指南) in Chinese and The Linguistic Guide to the Galaxy in English. There is also a publishing house called Yin He Xi Yu Yan Xue Chu Ban She (银河系语言学出版社) in Chinese and the Galactic Linguistics Press. A newspaper is published called Lin Ge Dun Yin He Xian Qu Bao (林格顿银河先驱报) in Chinese or the Lingaton Galactic Herald. The scholars live in a city known as Lingaton and Lin Ge Dun (林格顿) in Chinese.
除了翻译哈佛格式的英文条目，中文对应的举例有时采用《中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 7714-2015：信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》，方便比较作者、文献、出版机构三个部分的内容和排版样式差别。这一标准对应国际标准ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation-Guidelines for Bibliographic References and Citations to Information Resources。
In addition to the translation of an English entry in Harvard style, an example in Chinese is sometimes used for comparison in the referencing format in the National Standard of the People’s Republic of China GB/T 7714-2015: Information and documentation-Rules for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. Thus, the differences in the content and layout of the three parts about author, referenced work and publisher can be found easily. This Chinese standard is correspondent to the international standard ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation-Guidelines for Bibliographic References and Citations to Information Resources.
国家标准中中文参考文献著录格式为：
The format of listing references in Chinese national standard is:
主要责任者. 题名：其他题名信息[文献类型标识/文献载体标识]. 其他责任者. 版本项. 出版地：出版者，出版年：引文页码.
Principal responsible party. Title: Other information in title [type/medium]. Other responsible party or parties. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication: Page number of cited text.
需要注意句号要用实心点，而不是用圆圈。
A dot needs to be used as period in punctuation rather than a small circle.
i: 书籍
i: Books
a.
单一作者的书籍：
Book with a single author:
作者姓名（英文姓氏在前，名用首字母缩写），年份. 书名（用斜体）. 版本. （第二版以上才会加入这个信息；第一版不用。）出版地点（必须指明城市或城镇，不能用国家名）：出版商.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book (in italics). Edition. (Only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication* (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞. 普通语言学导论[M]. 第三版. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社, 2021.
英文：
English:
Smith, A. 2021. An Introduction to General Linguistics. 2nd ed. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
b.
多名作者的书籍：
Book with multiple authors:
作者姓名（英文姓氏姓在前，名用首字母缩写），年份. 书名（用斜体）. 版本. （第二版以上才会加入这个信息；第一版不用。）出版地点：出版商.
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book (in italics). Edition. (Only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.
重点信息在于多名作者。二至三名作者可以全部列举，三名以上则列举第一作者，后面用et. al.省略。
The key point here is more than one author. When there are two or three authors, these people all needs to be listed. When there are more than three authors, only the first author will be listed and others will be omitted with “et. al.” put behind the name of the first author.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞，李俞乾，王简忉，等. 社会语言学导论[M]. 第四版. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021.
英文：
English:
Smith A., Fisher B., Taylor C., et. al., 2021. Sociolinguistics. 4th ed. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
c.
同一作者的多本著作：
Multiple books of the same author:
作者姓名（英文姓氏在前，名用首字母缩写），年份（后加排序小写字母）. 书名（用斜体）. 出版地点：出版商.
Author, Initials., Year followed by letter. Title of book (in italics). Place: Publisher.
重点信息在于相同年份后面用小写字母排序，不同年份可以自然用年份区别。
The key information here is that books are ordered by letter in lower case when they are published in the same year. Books published in different years are ordered in the order of those years.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
李俞乾. 心理语言学[M]. 第二版. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021c.
英文：
English:
Fisher B., 2021c. Psycholinguistics. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
d.
编辑成的书籍：
Edited books:
作者姓名（英文姓氏在前，名用首字母缩写） ed.，年份（后加排序小写字母）. 书名（用斜体）. 版本. 出版地点：出版商.
Author, Initials. ed., Year. Title of book (in italics). Edition. Place: Publisher.
重点信息在于编辑，单个编者用ed.；多个编者用eds.也可以用Edited by.
The key point here is to show that a book is edited. “ed.” is added to the name of one editor and “eds.” to the names of several editors. “Edited by” can also be used.
举例：
Example:
中文：（无）
Chinese: None
中文国家标准中参考文献著录并不区分书籍的原创与编辑。
In Chinese national standard, the information to distinguish books between those originally written and those edited is not necessary in reference list.
英文：
English:
Taylor C., ed., 2021. Teaching English as Second Language. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
e.
编辑成书籍的章节：
Chapters in edited books:
章节作者姓氏，首字母缩写.，章节出版年份. 章节标题. （后接）In: 书籍编者（先首字母缩写，后姓氏），（姓氏后加上）ed.或者eds. 书籍出版年份. 书籍题名. 出版地点：出版商. 章节号或者首尾页码.（结尾为句号）
Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full stop.
重点在于章节的作者、年份、题名信息要单独列出，加在书籍信息之前。
The key point here is to separately list chapter information about author, year and title plus such information about the book.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
李俞乾. 历史上的语言学研究[M]//王简忉，赵封澈. 语言学与历史. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021：第二章/22-67.
在中文国标里，这个部分属于从著作中析出的文献。章节与书籍的信息用双斜杠线“//”隔开。中文的页码用冒号隔开，不加表示页码的字母p或者pp。
In Chinese national standard, this part is defined as literature taken out from a work. The information about the chapters and the book is separated with double slashes “//”. In a Chinese reference list entry, page numbers follow a colon rather than a letter p or pp.
英文：
English:
Miller, D., 2020. Linguistic studies in history. In: Hunter E., ed., 2021. Linguistics and History. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press. Ch2./pp.22-67.
f.
翻译成的书籍：
Translated books:
作者姓名（英文姓氏在前，名用首字母缩写），年份. 书名（用斜体）。首字母缩写，姓氏译自（语言）. 出版地点：出版商.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of translator, initials first, then surname). Place of publication: Publisher.
重点信息在于加入翻译的源语言和译者，译者的姓名是先名后姓。
The key point is to added the information about the source language and translator. The name of translator is listed with first name initials put before surname.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
刘宫健. 简明语言学史[M]. 张铁贞，李俞乾，王简忉，等译. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021.
英文：
English:
Smith A., 2021. A Brief History of Linguistics. Translated by B. Fisher., Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
g.
不同版本说明下的、再版的书籍：
Books with different imprint and reprint information:
作者姓氏，首字母缩写.，初版年份. 书籍题名. （版本说明/再版加上年份）出版地点：出版商.
Author, Initials., Original Year. Title of book. (Imprint/reprint and then year). Place of publication: Publisher.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞. 认知语言学[M]. 再版. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021.
英文：
English:
Smith A., 2020. Cognitive Linguistics. Reprint 2021. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
h.
由著名作者写的经典书籍的删节本或导读本：
Abridgements of classical books or those with introduction written by famous authors:
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
李俞乾. <句法结构>评注[M]. 再版自艾弗拉姆.诺姆.乔姆斯基. 句法结构. 1957. 李俞乾评注导读. 林格顿：银河系语言学出版社，2021.
英文：
English:
Fisher B., 2021. The commentary of syntax structures. Reprint of Syntax Structures by Avram Noam Chomsky, 1957. Commented and introduced by Brian Fisher. Lingaton: Galactic Linguistics Press.
ii. 期刊
ii. Periodicals
期刊杂志是文献研究的另外一个主要来源。期刊和杂志的区别在于专业性。如果是专门供专业研究者发表研究成果的学术出版物，就称为期刊。如果是供一般读者阅读的出版物，就称为杂志。期刊杂志上的基本文本单位是文章或者论文，也是阅读引用的信息资源的基本单位。
Another main source of information in literature study is periodicals, which include journals and magazines. Difference between journals and magazines lies in speciality. Journals are academic publications for researchers in specialized areas to publish their results in research. Magazines are generally published for common readers. The basic unit of the texts in a periodical is a paper or an article. It is also the basic unit for reading and citing the information resources in it.
纸质印刷期刊杂志中文章的参考文献著录条目格式为：
The format for a refence list entry of printed periodicals is:
作者姓氏，首字母缩写.，年份. 文章标题（标题首字母大写，其余小写）. 期刊完整题名，卷号（期号/编号），页码.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s).
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
王简忉. 外语学习中的音位差异处理[J].银河系语言学指南，2021，66(10)：33-56.
英文：
English:
Miller D., 2021. The Processing of Phonemic Differences in the Learning of Foreign Language. The Linguistic Guide to the Galaxy, 66(10): pp33-56.
iii. 报纸
iii. Newspaper
报纸也是文献研究的信息资源之一。报纸的出版周期更短，引用时需要标明日期。
Newspaper is also an information resource in literature study. Newspapers are published in shorter periods. Date needs to specify when a newspaper article is used as reference.
报纸中文章的参考文献著录条目格式为：
The format of a reference list entry for articles in newspaper is:
作者姓氏，首字母缩写.，年份. 文章标题或栏目标题. 报纸全名，月份和日期，版面编号和分栏编号.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line.
文章的版面编号，就是文章在报纸的第几版上。分栏编号就是报纸上的印刷分栏，即文章被边框分隔成的块。这里的规则是从左往右数按字母排序。如果没有作者署名，就采用法人作者署名，比如，使用报纸或者报社的名称。
Page number of an article in newspaper is the number of the page on which it is printed. Column number is the alphabetic letter of the printed columns on a page lined up from left to right. A column is a block separated in a frame in which an article is printed. If an article does not have the name of an author on it, authorship can be attributed to a corporate author, for example, the name of the newspaper or the newspaper office.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞. 学校语言教育应该更简单[N]. 林格顿银河先驱报，2021-07-10(2).
中文标准中只需要列出版面编号。
In Chinese national standard, only page number needs to be listed.
英文：
English:
Taylor C., 2021. Schools should make language courses easier. Lingaton Galactic Herald. 10 July. p.2c.
iv. 教学材料
iv. Teaching materials
教育领域也是学术研究人员的主要工作领域。教育中使用的文本同时也会作为学术研究的信息来源。除了课本，其中还包括学位论文、毕业论文、讲义、笔记。学术会议也是发布论文的重要平台。这个部分包括在一般会议内容里，在后文中讨论。
The area of education is also a main sector where academic researchers work. The writings used in education are also taken as information sources in academic studies. In addition to textbooks, there are also dissertations, theses, teaching materials, and lecture notes. Academic conference is an important place to publish papers. This part is included in conference materials in general, which will be discussed later.
在林格顿有一所大学叫做林格顿银河大学，其中的人文及社会科学学院里有语言学系。这个系里建立了银河系语言学研究所，每年夏天还要举办银河系语言学研究研讨会。
In Lingaton, there is a university named the Lingaton Galactic University. It has a department of linguistic studies in its School of the Humanities and Social Studies which runs a research body called the Institute of Galactic Linguistic Studies. The department holds a conference on linguistic studies each summer vacation known as the Symposium of Galactic Linguistic Studies.
a. 学位论文、毕业论文
a. Dissertation and thesis
学位论文、毕业论文的参考文献条目格式为：
The format of a reference list entry for dissertation and thesis is:
作者，首字母缩写.，出版年份. 论文题名. 学位等级. 大学或学术机构的正式名称.
Author, Initials., Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of university.
举例：
Example:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞. 中文词的概念结构：中文语义组织的案例研究[D]. 林格顿银河大学. 2021.
英文：
English:
Miller, D., 2021. Conceptual structure of Chinese words: A case study of the semantic organization of the Chinese language. PhD. Lingaton Galactic University.
b. 讲义、笔记
b. Lecture notes and reading notes
引用讲义、笔记需要征得授课人同意。如果材料未正式出版，可以节选作为附录。参考文献条目格式如下：
Citing teaching materials or lecture notes needs the consent of the teacher or lecturer. If the material is not published officially, the researcher needs to take out the cited part and put in into his work as an appendix. The format of a reference list entry for these materials is:
教师/作者姓氏，首字母缩写.，年份. 课程项目题名，课程模块代码、模块名称. 高等教育机构，未出版。
Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module code module title. Higher Education Institution, unpublished.
举例：
Examples:
中文：
Chinese:
张铁贞. 认知语言学导论：社会科学SS1101[Z]. 林格顿银河大学. 未出版. 2021.
这里把题名的其他辅助信息都列举在冒号后面。
Here all auxiliary information of the title is listed behind the colon.
英文：
English:
Hunter, E., 2021. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics, SS1101 Social Sciences. Lingaton Galactic University, unpublished.
vi. 未发表的文章、手稿、个人通信
vi. Unpublished articles, manuscripts and personal communications
未出版的著作或者论文，如果即将出版，可以用(in press)代替出版年份。最后可以注明通过审稿准备出版的年份，比如，(Accepted for publication December 2002)。
Works or papers not yet published can be listed with “(in press)” at the place of the year of publication if these are soon to be published. And at the end of the entry, the year when it has passed reviewing and become ready to be published can be added, for example, “(Accepted for publication December 2002)”.
如果使用手稿，可以用手稿的完稿日期，作为出版年份。同时注明手稿[manuscript]。
If a manuscript is used, the time when it is finished can be used as the year of publication. And “[manuscript]” needs to be added as additional information.
非正式出版物，包括班级的教学材料、宣传页、组织内刊等等，都可以用[]注明，比如，[leaflet]。
Unofficial publications include materials used in classroom teaching, leaflet used in publicity, and in-house publications. All these can to be specified with “[]” as additional information, for example, [leaflet].
个人通信可以用[]来说明，包含了书信、电子邮件、电话、谈话等，比如，[letter]。
The types of personal communications can be specified with “[]” as additional information, which include letter, email, telephone call and conversation, for example, [letter].
v. Absence of author and date information
不确定或者无法找到的信息，包括作者，出版年份、地点、出版商、日期。
Information that cannot be confirmed or identified includes author, year of publication, location, publisher and date.
年份不确定时，有四种表示方式：
1995？ 最可能的年份
ca. 1995 大概的年份
199-或者199? 不确定十年内的时间
There are four ways to show that a year of publication cannot be confirmed:
1995? probable year
ca. 1995 approximately 1995
199- decade certain but not year
199? probable decade
其他缺失信息的表示方式包括：
anon. 无作者. 作者姓名或者作者本身无法确定。
s.l. 无出版地点。（拉丁文：sine loco）
s.n. 无出版商名称。（拉丁文：sine nomine）
n.d. 无日期。
Other ways of show missing information include:
anon. author anonymous or not identifiable
s.l. no place of publication (Latin: sine loco)
s.n. no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)
n.d. no date
