近几日，娱乐圈某明星的“代孕弃养”大瓜让代孕相关话题再次火爆全网。前有陈凯歌导演的短片《宝贝儿》因过分美化代孕而引起极大争议；后有“首个遭代孕客户退单女童无法上户”的新闻登上热搜。这一次，央视新闻也发表评论称：“代孕在我国被明令禁止，其对生命的漠视令人发指：包生男孩代孕者怀上女孩会被强行打胎；胎儿如存缺陷或被丢弃……如此践踏底线，法律难容，道德难容！”中央政法委更是指出：“把女性的子宫当作生育工具，把新生的生命当作商品买卖，甚至可以随意丢弃，这条隐秘的黑色产业链打着法律的擦边球，不止损害女性健康、物化剥削女性，更是践踏公民权益、败坏人伦道德。作为中国公民，因为代孕在中国被禁止，就钻法律空子就跑去美国，这绝不是遵纪守法。……生命不是冷冰冰的金钱交易，抑或任凭喜好决定生死的物件，而是身为父母不能不负的责任和义务。作为父母，感情甜蜜就愿意共同抚养，关系破裂就选择丢弃孩子，这绝不是个性。”吃瓜之余勿忘学习！小编在此推荐美国学者布莱恩·克罗斯博士撰写的一篇短文，文中谈及了什么是代孕，以及代孕引发的伦理问题。文章代表的只是作者个人的观点，希望大家在阅读学习之后能有自己的思考和判断。
In essence, [surrogacy] is the ultimate manifestation of the neoliberal project of capitalist commodification of all life to create profit and fulfill the narcissistic desires of an entitled elite.
~Kathleen Sloan, director of the Connecticut chapter of the National Organization for Women.
代孕，本质上是新自由主义计划的极端表现形式：将一切生命资本商品化，以创造利润及满足权贵精英的自恋欲求。
——凯瑟琳·斯隆，（美国）全国妇女组织康涅狄格州分会主任
What Is Surrogacy?
什么是代孕？
Surrogate motherhood is the oldest form of assisted reproduction. Historians relate that it was practiced in several ancient societies, usually for the purpose of circumventing laws that allowed a husband to divorce his wife on the grounds of her alleged infertility.
代孕是最古老的辅助生殖方式。据历史学家所述，一些古代社会曾有过代孕的做法，通常是为了避免丈夫行使法律赋予的与不孕妻子离异的权利。
A surrogate mother is a woman who agrees to carry someone else’s baby after becoming pregnant using some form of assisted reproduction, usually in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination. The surrogate’s baby usually undergoes prenatal genetic diagnoses (PGDs) early in the pregnancy. If the baby is found to be healthy, she carries it to term, delivers in a hospital, and turns the baby over to the adoptive parents.
代孕母亲是指同意使用特定的辅助生殖方式怀孕、为他人孕育胎儿的女性，常见的辅助生殖技术是体外受精和人工授精。通常，代孕母亲所怀的胎儿会在孕早期接受胎儿遗传学诊断。如果诊断证明胎儿健康，代孕母亲就会怀孕至足月，在医院分娩，并将新生儿转交给其收养父母。
Usually, a surrogacy is arranged if the wife is infertile or cannot carry a pregnancy to term for a variety of health reasons. Lately, homosexual couples have been resorting to surrogacy in order to have a child. Increasingly, some wealthy women simply do not want to do the “dirty work” of carrying a pregnancy to term. These women consider it a bargain to pay $50,000 to avoid stretch marks and keep their slender figures. This practice is sometimes called “Rent a Womb” or “mercenary motherhood.” If a woman receives no compensation for carrying someone else’s child, she is considered to be participating in “altruistic” as opposed to “commercial” surrogacy.
通常，安排代孕是因为妻子不孕或由于种种健康原因无法怀孕至足月。近些年，同性恋伴侣也求助于代孕以拥有自己的孩子。还有越来越多富有的女性仅仅是因为不愿去干自然怀孕的“苦差”——她们认为，花5万美元来避免妊娠纹、保持苗条身材，是一笔划算的交易。代孕有时也被称作“子宫租赁”或“雇佣母亲”。如果一位女性无偿为他人孕育胎儿，这种代孕则被认为是“无私的”而非“商业的”。
There are two general types of surrogacy:
代孕有两种常见类型：
1. “Traditional” surrogacy is also referred to as “partial” or “genetic” surrogacy, and involves artificial insemination. In these arrangements, there is a genetic relationship between the father and the child (if the adopting father’s sperm is used), but no such relationship if donor sperm is used. In both cases, of course, the surrogate is the genetic mother of the resulting child.
1. “传统”代孕，又称“部分”代孕或“基因”代孕，需要采用人工授精技术。在传统代孕中，如果使用收养父亲的精子，父亲和孩子之间便有遗传（亲缘）关系，但如果使用捐献的精子，则没有这种关系。当然，这两种情形下，代孕母亲都是最终所生孩子遗传学上的母亲。
2. “Gestational” or “full” surrogacy involves the implantation of an embryo produced through IVF. In such cases, there is no genetic relationship between the surrogate mother and the child.
2. “妊娠”代孕，又称“完全”代孕，采用体外受精技术培育出胚胎并移植。这种情况下，代孕母亲和孩子之间不存在遗传关系。
Surrogacy Ethical Issues
代孕的伦理问题
Surrogacy Ethical Issue #1: Mistreatment of the Mother
代孕伦理问题一：对母亲的虐待
Whatever form it takes, surrogate motherhood is a form of “reproductive prostitution.” In street prostitution, the woman sells or rents her body or body parts, the relationship to the “customer” is entirely impersonal, she must do what she is told, her value or usefulness comes solely from her function, she is to leave when she is told, and if there is a pimp, he gets a share of the money. The only difference with surrogacy is that the “pimp” has a medical or law degree. As Kathleen Sloan’s quote above shows, even some of the most extreme pro-abortion feminists recognize the potential for exploitation of women who agree to become surrogate mothers.
无论采用哪一种代孕方式，代孕母亲都是一种“繁殖娼妓”。在街头卖淫活动中，女性出售或出租的是她的身体或器官，她与“顾客”的关系是完全无关人情的。要求她做什么，她就得做什么，她的价值或用处仅仅来自于她的功能。要求她离开，她就得离开。如果中间存在皮条客，她则得到嫖资的一部分。卖淫与代孕唯一的区别仅在于代孕的“皮条客”有一个医学或法学学位。正如文首凯瑟琳·斯隆的引言所示，即使一些极端支持堕胎合法化的女性主义者也意识到了那些同意做代孕母亲的女性被压榨的可能性。
The practice of surrogacy has raised a dense thicket of legal and psychological questions centered on the surrogate mother. Is she an employee, a prostitute, or a slave? And what does she feel about relinquishing a child she has nurtured for nine months? Most studies claim that feelings of regret among surrogates are rare, but the high-profile custody battles between surrogates and intended parents (remember the Mary Beth Whitehead and Anna Johnson cases?) seem to indicate that there is a lot that is not being revealed by the medical establishment.
代孕的做法引发了围绕代孕母亲产生的一系列错综复杂的法律问题和心理学问题。代孕母亲是雇员、娼妓，还是奴隶？舍弃自己孕育了9个月的孩子，她有什么感受？大多数研究声称，代孕母亲极少产生后悔情绪，但是代孕母亲和计划收养父母之间备受瞩目的监护权争夺战（还记得玛丽·贝丝·怀特海德和安娜·约翰逊的官司吗？）似乎表明，医疗机构还掌握着很多没有公开的信息。
Marketing expert Thomas Frank summarizes the primary problems inherent in such an arrangement:
市场营销专家托马斯·弗兰克总结了代孕最主要的一些内在问题：
Surrogate motherhood has been the subject of much philosophical and political dispute over the years. To summarize briefly, it is a class-and-gender minefield. When money is exchanged for pregnancy, some believe, surrogacy comes close to organ-selling, or even baby-selling. It threatens to commodify not only babies, but women as well, putting their biological functions up for sale like so many Jimmy Choos [expensive women’s designer shoes]. If surrogacy ever becomes a widely practiced market transaction, it will probably make pregnancy into just another dirty task for the working class, with wages driven down and wealthy couples hiring the work out because it’s such a hassle to be pregnant.
近些年来，代孕母亲成为了很多哲学和政治争议的主题。简要来说，这是一个阶级和性别话题的雷区。一些人认为，当怀孕可以用金钱进行交易，代孕就近乎贩卖器官甚至贩卖婴儿了。代孕不仅预示着婴儿的商品化，同时也意味着女性的商品化——把女性的生理功能挂牌销售，就像销售大量周仰杰鞋子（昂贵的名牌女鞋）一样。如果代孕成为一种广泛实施的市场交易行为，那怀孕也许将成为工人阶级的另一种苦差——报酬被压低，而富有的夫妇雇人代孕就因为怀孕实在麻烦。
Mr. Frank identifies one of the problems surrounding surrogate motherhood that most people do not even think about — the exploitation of poor women, both in this nation and in others.
弗兰克先生点出了一个大多数人甚至都不会去想的关于代孕母亲的问题——对贫穷妇女的压榨。这一问题不仅仅存在于美国，也存在于其他国家。
One of Gandhi’s “Seven Deadly Sins” was “commerce without morality.” He would be grieved to learn that his home nation of India is now known as the “surrogacy hub” of the world because surrogacy costs are so low there. For years, poor Indian women have been exploited by rich Western couples, and surrogacy is now a multi-billion dollar industry in that nation. Because of rampant abuses, the Indian government has moved to ban the practice of commercial surrogacy, while allowing it to continue only for closely related relatives. This move, of course, has raised howls of protest from homosexuals who want children, and from some feminists who have trotted out the old tired slogan that women should be able to do whatever they want with their own bodies — even if they are being ruthlessly abused and misused.
甘地曾提出人类社会“七宗罪”，其中一宗是“没有道德的商业”。他若知道自己的祖国印度如今被称作世界“代孕中心”——因为那里代孕成本如此低廉——想必会十分痛心。多年来，贫穷的印度女性一直被富有的西方夫妇利用，而代孕在印度已成为一项产值数十亿美元的产业。为应对代孕的猖獗滥用，印度政府已经禁止商业代孕，仅仅允许代孕行为继续存在于近亲之间。当然，这一举措招致了大量抗议，同性恋者希望拥有孩子，一些女权主义者则翻出老一套的口号，认为女性应该拥有自由支配自己身体的权利——即使在被残酷虐待或滥用。
Interestingly, most contracts between the surrogate and the husband and wife insist that the surrogate abort the child if genetic tests show abnormalities unacceptable to the husband and wife ― in direct conflict with the surrogate woman’s alleged “right to choose.” Proponents of “surrogate motherhood” deny any infringement of rights, of course, because they say that the baby in question is mere property under contract.
令人关注的是，大多数代孕母亲和雇主夫妇所签的合同都明确要求，如果基因测试诊断出雇主夫妇无法接受的胎儿异常，代孕母亲必须堕胎——这与代孕女性声称的“选择权”直接冲突。当然，“代孕”的支持者否认合同存在任何侵权，因为他们认为，这里讨论的胎儿只是合同条款下的一项财产。
Surrogacy Ethical Issue #2: The Interests of the Child
代孕伦理问题二：孩子的利益
God designed the family in a way that serves the best interests of the child, and an abundance of peer-reviewed research confirms that this arrangement is the most advantageous for children in all of the aspects of their beings — physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Surrogacy introduces a fracturing influence that can be very detrimental to a child whose parental figures are multiplied. Such children may have as many as three mothers (egg donor, surrogate and adoptive) and two fathers (sperm donor and adoptive). British author Christine Whipp said, “My existence owed almost nothing to the serendipitous nature of normal human reproduction, where babies are the natural progression of mutually fulfilling adult relationships, but rather represented a verbal contract, a financial transaction and a cold, clinical harnessing of medical technology.”
上帝所设计的家庭结构最有利于保障孩子的利益，大量经同行评议的研究证明，这种结构对孩子方方面面都最有好处——无论是身体上、心理上、情感上，还是精神上。而代孕对于这种家庭结构有撕裂性的影响，一个拥有多重父母的孩子可能受到极大的伤害。代孕产生的孩子可能有多达三位母亲（卵子捐献者、代孕者和养母）和两位父亲（精子捐献者和养父）。英国作家克莉丝汀·灰普说：“我的存在几乎完全无法归于人类正常繁衍的偶然，即孩子是相互满足的成年人关系自然发展的结果；相反，我的存在代表一份口头约定、一项金融交易和一种对医疗技术冰冷的临床应用。”
In response to a question about whether “surrogate motherhood” is morally licit, the Vatican’s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith replied in its document Donum Vitae:
对于“代孕”在道德上是否正当，梵蒂冈信理部在文件《关于尊重人类生命起源和繁衍尊严方面的指导》中回应道：
No, for the same reasons which lead one to reject artificial fertilization: For it is contrary to the unity of marriage and to the dignity of the procreation of the human person. Surrogate motherhood represents an objective failure to meet the obligations of maternal love, of conjugal fidelity and of responsible motherhood; it offends the dignity and the right of the child to be conceived, carried in the womb, brought into the world and brought up by his own parents; it sets up, to the detriment of families, a division between the physical, psychological and moral elements which constitute those families.
不，（拒绝代孕的理由）和拒绝人工受孕的理由相同：因为代孕有悖于婚姻的团结，也有悖于人类繁衍的尊严。代孕客观上意味着无法尽到母爱的义务、对婚姻忠诚的义务和负责任的母亲义务。代孕也侵犯了代孕母亲所孕育子女的尊严和权利——孩子有权被孕育在亲生母亲的子宫中，由亲生母亲生育、亲生父母抚养长大。代孕对家庭造成了伤害，使维系家庭所需的生理、心理和道德要素分崩离析。
For the reasons already described, the Catechism of the Catholic Church reiterates this principle: “Techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral” [¶2376].
由于上述原因，《天主教教理》重申了这一原则：“那些通过夫妻以外的第三方侵入（捐献精子或卵子、代孕子宫）分裂夫妻关系的技术，是极其不道德的。”（第2376条）
Conclusion
结论
To put it briefly, surrogacy may appear to be a good idea at the time, but it does not serve the best interests of the intended mother or the child who is born of a surrogate mother. And, of course, to ask a woman to give up a child she has carried for nine months, regardless of how much she is compensated financially, will usually leave psychological and emotional scars.
概言之，代孕在交易当时也许看起来是个好办法，但事实上它并不符合养母或代孕母亲所分娩孩子的最大利益。同时，让一个女人放弃怀胎九月的孩子，当然总会给她留下心理上和情感上的伤痕——无论她获得了多少金钱上的补偿。
翻译：王冰
审订：WE
