很难想象有Java开发人员不曾使用过Collection框架。在Collection框架中,主要使用的类是来自List接口中的ArrayList,以及来自Set接口的HashSet、TreeSet,我们经常处理这些Collections的排序。

在本文中,我将主要关注排序Collection的ArrayList、HashSet、TreeSet,以及最后但并非最不重要的数组。

java对象根据某个属性排序(Java对象排序详解)(1)

让我们看看如何对给定的整数集合(5,10,0,-1)进行排序:

数据(整数)存储在ArrayList中

private void sortNumbersInArrayList() {

List<Integer> integers = new ArrayList<>();

integers.add(5);

integers.add(10);

integers.add(0);

integers.add(-1);

System.out.println("Original list: " integers);

Collections.sort(integers);

System.out.println("Sorted list: " integers);

Collections.sort(integers, Collections.reverseOrder());

System.out.println("Reversed List: " integers);

}

输出:

Original list: [5, 10, 0, -1]

Sorted list: [-1, 0, 5, 10]

Reversed List: [10, 5, 0, -1]

数据(整数)存储在HashSet中

private void sortNumbersInHashSet() {

Set<Integer> integers = new HashSet<>();

integers.add(5);

integers.add(10);

integers.add(0);

integers.add(-1);

System.out.println("Original set: " integers);

// Collections.sort(integers); This throws error since sort method accepts list not collection

List list = new ArrayList(integers);

Collections.sort(list);

System.out.println("Sorted set: " list);

Collections.sort(list, Collections.reverseOrder());

System.out.println("Reversed set: " list);

}

输出:

Original set: [0, -1, 5, 10]

Sorted set: [-1, 0, 5, 10]

Reversed set: [10, 5, 0, -1]

在这个例子中(数据(整数)存储在HashSet中),我们看到HashSet被转换为ArrayList进行排序。在不转换为ArrayList的情况下,可以通过使用TreeSet来实现排序。TreeSet是Set的另一个实现,并且在使用默认构造函数创建Set时,使用自然排序进行排序。

数据(整数)存储在TreeSet中

private void sortNumbersInTreeSet() {

Set<Integer> integers = new TreeSet<>();

integers.add(5);

integers.add(10);

integers.add(0);

integers.add(-1);

System.out.println("Original set: " integers);

System.out.println("Sorted set: " integers);

Set<Integer> reversedIntegers = new TreeSet(Collections.reverseOrder());

reversedIntegers.add(5);

reversedIntegers.add(10);

reversedIntegers.add(0);

reversedIntegers.add(-1);

System.out.println("Reversed set: " reversedIntegers);

}

输出:

Original set: [-1, 0, 5, 10]

Sorted set: [-1, 0, 5, 10]

Reversed set: [10, 5, 0, -1]

在这种情况下,“Original set:”和“Sorted set:”两者相同,因为我们已经使用了按排序顺序存储数据的TreeSet,所以在插入后不用排序。

到目前为止,一切都如期工作,排序似乎是一件轻而易举的事。现在让我们尝试在各个Collection中存储自定义对象(比如Student),并查看排序是如何工作的。

数据(Student对象)存储在ArrayList中

private void sortStudentInArrayList() {

List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();

Student student1 = createStudent("Biplab", 3);

students.add(student1);

Student student2 = createStudent("John", 1);

students.add(student2);

Student student3 = createStudent("Pal", 5);

students.add(student3);

Student student4 = createStudent("Biplab", 2);

students.add(student4);

System.out.println("Original students list: " students);

Collections.sort(students);// Error here

System.out.println("Sorted students list: " students);

Collections.sort(students, Collections.reverseOrder());

System.out.println("Reversed students list: " students);

}

private Student createStudent(String name, int no) {

Student student = new Student();

student.setName(name);

student.setNo(no);

return student;

}

public class Student {

String name;

int no;

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public int getNo() {

return no;

}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public void setNo(int no) {

this.no = no;

}

@Override

public String toString() {

return "Student{"

"name='" name '\''

", no=" no

'}';

}

}

这会抛出编译时错误,并显示以下错误消息:

sort(java.util.List<T>)

in Collections cannot be applied

to (java.util.List<com.example.demo.dto.Student>)

reason: no instance(s) of type variable(s) T exist so that Student

conforms to Comparable<? Super T>

为了解决这个问题,要么Student类需要实现Comparable,要么需要在调用Collections.sort时传递Comparator对象。在整型情况下,排序方法没有错误,因为Integer类实现了Comparable。让我们看看,实现Comparable或传递Comparator如何解决这个问题,以及排序方法如何实现Collection排序。

使用Comparable排序

package com.example.demo.dto;

public class Student implements Comparable{

String name;

int no;

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public int getNo() {

return no;

}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public void setNo(int no) {

this.no = no;

}

@Override

public String toString() {

return "Student{"

"name='" name '\''

", no=" no

'}';

}

@Override

public int compareTo(Object o) {

return this.getName().compareTo(((Student) o).getName());

}

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

Reversed students list: [Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

在所有示例中,为了颠倒顺序,我们使用“Collections.sort(students, Collections.reverseOrder()”,相反的,它可以通过改变compareTo(..)方法的实现而达成目标,且compareTo(…) 的实现看起来像这样 :

@Override

public int compareTo(Object o) {

return (((Student) o).getName()).compareTo(this.getName());

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Reversed students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

如果我们观察输出结果,我们可以看到“Sorted students list:”以颠倒的顺序(按学生name)输出学生信息。

到目前为止,对学生的排序是根据学生的“name”而非“no”来完成的。如果我们想按“no”排序,我们只需要更改Student类的compareTo(Object o)实现,如下所示:

@Override

public int compareTo(Object o) {

return (this.getNo() < ((Student) o).getNo() ? -1 : (this.getNo() == ((Student) o).getNo() ? 0 : 1));

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

Reversed students list: [Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='John', no=1}]

在上面的输出中,我们可以看到“no”2和3的两名学生具有相同的名字“Biplab”。

现在假设我们首先需要按“name”对这些学生进行排序,如果超过1名学生具有相同姓名的话,则这些学生需要按“no”排序。为了实现这一点,我们需要改变compareTo(…)方法的实现,如下所示:

@Override

public int compareTo(Object o) {

int result = this.getName().compareTo(((Student) o).getName());

if(result == 0) {

result = (this.getNo() < ((Student) o).getNo() ? -1 : (this.getNo() == ((Student) o).getNo() ? 0 : 1));

}

return result;

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

Reversed students list: [Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

使用Comparator排序

为了按照“name”对Students进行排序,我们将添加一个Comparator并将其传递给排序方法:

public class Sorting {

private void sortStudentInArrayList() {

List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();

Student student1 = createStudent("Biplab", 3);

students.add(student1);

Student student2 = createStudent("John", 1);

students.add(student2);

Student student3 = createStudent("Pal", 5);

students.add(student3);

Student student4 = createStudent("Biplab", 2);

students.add(student4);

System.out.println("Original students list: " students);

Collections.sort(integers, new NameComparator());

System.out.println("Sorted students list: " students);

}

}

public class Student {

String name;

int no;

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public int getNo() {

return no;

}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public void setNo(int no) {

this.no = no;

}

@Override

public String toString() {

return "Student{"

"name='" name '\''

", no=" no

'}';

}

}

class NameComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

@Override

public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {

return o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName());

}

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

同样,如果我们想按照“no”对Students排序,那么可以再添加一个Comparator(NoComparator.java),并将其传递给排序方法,然后数据将按“no”排序。

现在,如果我们想通过“name”然后“no”对学生进行排序,那么可以在compare(…)内结合两种逻辑来实现。

class NameNoComparator implements Comparator<Student> {

@Override

public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {

int result = o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName());

if(result == 0) {

result = o1.getNo() < o2.getNo() ? -1 : o1.getNo() == o2.getNo() ? 0 : 1;

}

return result;

}

}

输出:

Original students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}, Student{name='Biplab', no=2}]

Sorted students list: [Student{name='Biplab', no=2}, Student{name='Biplab', no=3}, Student{name='John', no=1}, Student{name='Pal', no=5}]

数据(Students对象)存储在Set中

在Set的这个情况下,我们需要将HashSet转换为ArrayList,或使用TreeSet对数据进行排序。此外,我们知道要使Set工作,equals(…)和hashCode()方法需要被覆盖。下面是基于“no”字段覆盖equals和hashcode的例子,且这些是IDE自动生成的代码。与Comparable或Comparator相关的其他代码与ArrayList相同。

@Override

public boolean equals(Object o) {

if (this == o) return true;

if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

Student student = (Student) o;

return no == student.no;

}

@Override

public int hashCode() {

return Objects.hash(no);

}

数据(Students对象)存储在数组中

为了对数组排序,我们需要做与排序ArrayList相同的事情(要么执行Comparable要么传递Comparable给sort方法)。在这种情况下,sort方法是“Arrays.sort(Object[] a )”而非“Collections.sort(..)”。

private void sortStudentInArray() {

Student [] students = new Student[4];

Student student1 = createStudent("Biplab", 3);

students[0] = student1;

Student student2 = createStudent("John", 1);

students[1] = student2;

Student student3 = createStudent("Pal", 5);

students[2] = student3;

Student student4 = createStudent("Biplab", 2);

students[3] = student4;

System.out.print("Original students list: ");

for (Student student: students) {

System.out.print( student " ,");

}

Arrays.sort(students);

System.out.print("\nSorted students list: ");

for (Student student: students) {

System.out.print( student " ,");

}

Arrays.sort(students, Collections.reverseOrder());

System.out.print("\nReversed students list: " );

for (Student student: students) {

System.out.print( student " ,");

}

}

//Student class

// All properties goes here

@Override

public int compareTo(Object o) {

int result =this.getName().compareTo(((Student)o).getName());

if(result ==0) {

result = (this.getNo() < ((Student) o).getNo() ? -1 : (this.getNo() == ((Student) o).getNo() ? 0 : 1));

}

return result;

}

输出:

Original students list: Student{name='Biplab', no=3} ,Student{name='John', no=1} ,Student{name='Pal', no=5} ,Student{name='Biplab', no=2} ,

Sorted students list: Student{name='Biplab', no=2} ,Student{name='Biplab', no=3} ,Student{name='John', no=1} ,Student{name='Pal', no=5} ,

Reversed students list: Student{name='Pal', no=5} ,Student{name='John', no=1} ,Student{name='Biplab', no=3} ,Student{name='Biplab', no=2} ,

结论

我们经常对Comparable/Comparator的使用以及何时使用哪个感到困惑。下面是我总结的Comparable/Comparator的使用场景。

Comparator:

Comparable:

应该在定义类时知道排序的顺序时使用,并且不会有其他任何需要使用Collection /数组来根据其他字段排序的情况。

注意:我没有介绍Set / List的细节。我假设读者已经了解了这些内容。此外,没有提供使用Set / array进行排序的详细示例,因为实现与ArrayList非常相似,而ArrayList我已经详细给出了示例。

最后,感谢阅读。

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